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There are many contributing factors that indicate a diabetic condition, and a diabetes self test is a smart and simple way to see if you are at high risk for diabetes. The diabetes self test starts with a series of specific questions that will allow you to see if any more thorough tests are suggested. Questions about your age, diet, and family medical history will all be a part of a diabetes self test, with each answer providing better insight into your level of risk. There are also safe and effective ways to measure your blood sugar during a diabetes self test, including a small blood or urine sample from which the level of glucose can be measured. Though a diabetes self test is not conclusive evidence that you do or do not have a diabetic condition to consider, a diabetes self test is a smart way to try to minimize your risks, and to see if further tests are indicated by the results. Easy to perform and inexpensive (if not free), a diabetes self test is a good way to look into the way your body is dealing with sugar intake, and whether you might need additional medical help or guidance to avoid the symptoms of diabetes. Certainly not the last word in whether or not any person is at risk for a diabetic condition, each diabetes self test can still offer you a first step toward taking control of your life.
SUGAR TEST
A sugar test will measure the amount of glucose present in the bloodstream, an important indication for your body's ability to produce insulin. There are a variety of methods to take a sugar test, and it might be taken on either a specifically empty or full stomach, or sometimes after ingesting a sugared drink.
A whole blood sugar test is available in easy-to-use kits for at-home testing, and requires a small blood sample (usually taken from the fingertip) to be read by a specially designed glucose meter. A fasting plasma sugar test is performed by taking a blood sample from a vein after eight hours of fasting, and will typically be performed in your health care provider's office. A two-hour postprandial sugar test is performed two hours after eating a meal containing a specific amount of sugar, though this method has factors that are hard to control.
The sugar test with which people already diagnosed with diabetes will be most familiar, will be the whole blood sugar test, which can be easily self-administered in your home with proper instruction. This specific sugar test will show daily levels of glucose in your blood and how your specific diet and exercise program affects these levels. The whole blood sugar test will give both you and your health care provider important information on how to best design a program to help control your diabetes, making it easier to live a long and rewarding life free from the complications associated with diabetes.
BLOOD GLUCOSE MONITORS
For people with a diagnosed diabetic condition, blood glucose monitors are a part of the everyday routine. With the specific instructions of a trained medical professional, most patients will be asked to use their blood glucose monitors between two and four times a day at specific times to determine how their blood is handling its glucose.
With a small blood sample (taken usually from a fingertip), the blood glucose monitors will allow you and your health care provider to better understand and make adjustments to your diet, exercise and medications to control your efforts in managing your diabetes. By no means the definitive word in how your health is progressing, blood glucose monitors will offer a repeated view into spikes or drops in your daily glucose levels, and make it easier to develop a plan that works more efficiently for you.
As with any diabetic testing methods, any questions or concerns you have about blood glucose monitors or their results should be referred to your trained medical professional for guidance and advice. As of January 2005, Medicare or other insurance providers may cover the cost of your blood glucose monitors in full, allowing you to save money and effort on a guaranteed diabetic necessity. Consult your health care provider to determine the type of blood glucose monitors best for your situation, and start to take control of your best opportunities.
HEMOGLOBIN BLOOD TEST
The hemoglobin blood test is a routine procedure that will be administered and interpreted by your health care provider. The hemoglobin blood test is usually performed two to three times a year and is used to measure the long-term levels of success you are having with your plan to live with diabetes. Your health care provider will take a small sample of blood (usually from the fingertip), and the hemoglobin blood test measures the amount of hemoglobin found within your red blood cells, giving the results in percentages. As is the case with the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), a good reading for the hemoglobin blood test is typically 7% or less. If your hemoglobin blood test falls below this number, it is an indication that your diabetes is probably under control, and the plan you are on is working well for you. A percentage of more than 7% shown in a hemoglobin blood test indicates a possible problem with your program, and you and your health care provider might have to take bolder steps to reduce this level. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT), an important recent study about diabetes showed that a regular hemoglobin blood test could help to reduce your risk of complications including eye, kidney and nerve damage caused by your diabetes. Used in combination with other specific monitoring and periodic evaluations, the hemoglobin blood test will help you to better understand the extent of your diabetic condition, and live a rewarding life free from complications.
HEMOGLOBIN A1C TEST
A hemoglobin a1c test is a routine procedure your health care provider will perform to determine your current standing with diagnosed diabetes. The hemoglobin a1c test is performed by taking a small blood sample (usually from the fingertip) that is typically analyzed in a health care provider's laboratory. The hemoglobin A1c test measures the amount of sugar sticking to the hemoglobin in the red blood cells, giving the results in percentages. As with the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), a hemoglobin a1c test level of less than 7% will indicate that the management plan you are using is probably working well, while a higher percentage would indicate the need for a re-evaluation. People with diabetes usually go to their health care provider's office to have the hemoglobin a1c test performed twice a year, but your health care provider will determine the frequency needed for each specific situation. The importance of a hemoglobin a1c test was recently shown by the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT), an important study on diabetes that showed that a regularly scheduled hemoglobin a1c test can help reduce the possibilities of eye, kidney and nerve damage for people diagnosed with diabetes. By design, a hemoglobin a1c test will measure your levels over a period of time (typically 2-3 months), and should be used to augment the information you supply your health care provider from daily testing and monitoring. In combination with other monitoring and evaluations, the hemoglobin a1c test is a smart step toward better managing your diabetes and living a rewarding life free from complications.
DIABETIC TEST
The chance of having a diabetic test administered by your health care provider will increase with every year after you turn fifty, simply because your risk for diabetes increases with your age. There are other factors that will also increase your chances of a diabetic test, including excessive weight gain or obesity, poor diet and exercise habits, and a family history with diabetes or related issues. A diabetic test is nothing to fear though; it is a routine procedure that can alert your health care provider to serious issues in your health. There are now methods for you to take a preliminary diabetic test in the comfort and privacy of your own home, allowing you more control and immediate answers to questions you might have about your health. A standard diabetic test performed at home will include a small urine or blood sample that is tested for determining the amount of glucose present in your system at any given time. You should be aware that even though they are typically accurate, you should never rely solely on a diabetic test that is self-administered to determine the extent of your condition. Always consult a trained medical professional with your results or questions about a diabetic test and allow your health care provider to interpret the findings. If you are at risk for diabetes, taking a diabetic test is just one of many pro-active steps you will take to gain better understanding of your condition, and how to prevent the onset of complications.
REASONS FOR DIABETES TESTING
If you are one of the many Americans with diabetes, keeping your blood glucose at ideal levels is one of your main goals. You want to do this for two reasons:1. You will feel better.
2. You may prevent or delay the onset of diabetes complications such as damage to your kidneys, blood vessels, eyes and nerves.
Testing is the most effective way to maintain optimum levels.
SELF TESTING GLUCOSE LEVELS
Self-testing is very common for diabetes patients who take insulin, are pregnant, having a hard time controlling their blood glucose levels, having severe low blood glucose levels, having ketones from high blood glucose levels, or having low blood glucose levels without the usual warning signs.
To self-test you prick the side of your finger with a special needle, called a lancet, to get a drop of blood. Then you either match a test strip to a color chart or you use a blood glucose meter to read you level. You should talk with your health care provider, midwife or nurse educator to make sure that you understand how to test.
A person with diabetes constantly manages their blood's sugar (glucose) levels. After a blood sample is taken and tested, it is determined whether the glucose levels are low or high. If glucose levels are too low carbohydrates are ingested. If glucose in the blood is too high, the appropriate amount of insulin is administered into the body such as through an insulin pump.
The catheter at the end of the insulin pump is inserted through a needle into the abdominal fat of a person with diabetes. Dosage instructions are entered into the pump's small computer and the appropriate amount of insulin is then injected into the body in a calculated, controlled manner.
To monitor the amount of glucose within the blood a person with diabetes should test their blood regularly. The procedure is quite simple and can often be done at home.
METER ACCURACY
Check your meter against your health care provider's blood test. Meters are made to give you an accurate reading. Misreadings most often happen from mistakes made by the person doing the testing. You can check the accuracy of your self--testing by taking your meter to the health care provider's office and doing a self test within 5 to 10 minutes of the time your blood is drawn from your vein. Compare your test results with the health care provider's. You meter results should be within 10% or 15% of your health care provider's blood test results.
KEEP A LOG OR JOURNAL
Keeping a log or journal of your test results is very important. There is more to testing than just finding out a number. You need to keep track of your results as well as the events surrounding the testing to get a clear picture of your overall blood glucose level and how activities in your life affect your levels. This takes time to track and evaluate with your health care team but it is well worth it. It will help keep your diabetes under control and help you feel better.
The emotional side of testing. When the numbers show your levels are out of range, it may trigger some emotional responses. You may feel frustrated, angry, depressed, confused or upset. If this happens, remind yourself that test results let you track how well your diabetes care plan is working. The test results are not a reflection of you as a person. Use the results to make the necessary changes to your plan so that you can improve your health and feel your best.
Urine tests are for ketones. Blood tests are for glucose levels. Urine tests are not as accurate as blood tests for checking glucose levels. Urine tests show what your glucose levels were in the past few hours. Blood tests, on the other hand, tell you what your current blood glucose level is. However, you may need to test for ketones in your urine. As ketones build up in your blood they "spill" over into your urine. Ketones are more likely to build up if you insulin-dependent diabetes. Ask your health care provider, midwife or nurse to advise you about when and if you need to test for ketones.
GLYCATED HEMOGLOBIN TEST
This is a test that is done in a lab to determine your overall blood glucose level control. Hemoglobin is found inside red blood cells. Its job is to carry oxygen from the lungs to all the cells in the body. When you have uncontrolled diabetes the extra glucose in your bloodstream enters the red blood cells and links up (or glycates) with molecules of hemoglobin. Each molecule stays glycated until that red blood cell dies and is replaced with a new red blood cell. The amount of glycated hemoglobin in your blood shows the average blood glucose control for the past three to four months, which is the lifespan of a red blood cell.
In a person who does not have diabetes, about 5% of all hemoglobin is glycated. For someone with diabetes the levels can range from 5% to as high as 25% if their diabetes is badly out of control for a long time. If you use insulin you should have this test done four times a year.
Follow your health care team's advice about when to test and how to test. It will help you will feel better.
AMERICAN DIABETES ASSOCIATION DIABETES RISK FACTORS SELF-TEST
Many Americans have diabetes and don't know it. Some people are at higher risk for the disease such as African Americans, Hispanic/Latinos and American Indians. There are other risk factors, as well.
Take this test prepared by the American Diabetes Association and KNOW YOUR RISK.
For each true statement below, note the corresponding points. If the statement is not true for you, the score is zero. Add up your total score.
My weight is equal to or above that listed in the chart below. YES = 5 points I am under 65 years of age and I get little or no exercise during a usual day. YES = 5 points I am between 45 and 65 years of age. YES = 5 points I am 65 years old or older. YES = 9 points I am a woman who has had a baby weighing more than 9 pounds at birth. YES = 1 point I have a sister or a brother with diabetes. YES = 1 point I have a parent with diabetes. YES = 1 point
TOTAL =
AT-RISK WEIGHT CHART
Feet/Inches
Without ShoesWeight in Pounds
Without Clothing4' 10"
4' 11"
5' 0"
5' 1"
5' 2"
5' 3"
5' 4"
5' 5"
5' 6"
129
133
138
143
147
152
157
162
167
Feet/Inches
Without ShoesWeight in Pounds
Without Clothing5' 8"
5' 9"
5' 10"
5' 11"
6' 0"
6' 1"
6'2"
6' 3"
6' 4"
177
182
188
193
199
204
210
218
221
If you weigh the same or more than the amount listed for your height, you may be at risk for diabetes. The chart is based on a measure called the Body Mass Index (BMI). The chart shows unhealthy weights for men and women age 35 or older at the listed heights. At-risk weights are lower for individuals under age 35.
SCORING
3-9 points: You are probably at low risk for having diabetes now. But don't just forget about it -- especially if you are African-American, American Indian, Hispanic, Asian American, or Pacific Islander. You may be at higher risk in the future. New guidelines recommend everyone age 45 and over should consider being tested every three years. However, people at high risk should consider being tested at a younger age.
10 or More Points: You are at high risk for having diabetes. Only a health care provider can determine if you have diabetes. See a health care provider soon and find out for sure.
DIABETES SYMPTOMS
Some people with diabetes have symptoms. If you have any of the following symptoms, contact your health care provider:
- Extreme Thirst
- Frequent Urination
- Unexplained Weight Loss
MONITORING TYPE 1 AND TYPE 2 DIABETES
Self-testing your blood sugar level lets you know how food, exercise, and medications are affecting it. It is a good idea to keep a record of your daily readings and review the results with your health care provider. To test your blood sugar level, a glucose meter is used. There are many different types of glucose meters available, and these can be purchased at your local pharmacy. In general, a drop of blood from a finger stick is placed on a test strip that is then placed in the meter. The meter then reads the amount of glucose (sugar) in your blood. This simple test tells you what your blood sugar level is at the time of the test. The readings you get in this manner help you manage your diabetes on a day-to-day or even an hour-to-hour basis.
Glucose meters have generally always revolved around using the finger stick methods, but many other glucose measuring products are available to monitor your blood sugar level. Today there are specialized lancing devices that prick the skin at different levels, a needle free laser device, blood glucose monitors using blood from other parts of the body like the arm instead of fingertips, the GlucoWatch, which is worn like a watch and detects your blood glucose level through your skin, InDuo, which combines a glucose meter and insulin injector pen, and sensors that's placed under your skin.
Self-tests may be done before meals, after meals, or at bedtime. Ask your health care provider how often and when you should test your blood sugar level. Self-tests are important for all individuals with diabetes but especially for patients treated with insulin to monitor for and prevent to prevent hypoglycemia. For most patients with Type 1 diabetes and pregnant women taking insulin, self-tests are recommended three or more times daily. The optimal frequency and timing of self-tests for patients with Type 2 diabetes is not known, but if you have type 2 diabetes and don't use insulin, you may need to test your blood sugar levels only once a day or as little as twice a week (depending on your current level of diabetes control). .When a therapy is added or modified, diabetic patients should test more often than usual.
Ideal goals recommended for most people:
- Before meals: 80-120 mg/dL
- After meals: Less than 180 mg/dL
- At bedtime: 100 to 140 mg/dL
Your blood sugar level goals may vary from these ideal goals. It is important to discuss this with your health care provider.
The hemoglobin A1C test is a blood test that tells you how well your blood sugar level has been controlled over the past 3 months. The hemoglobin A1C goal for most people with diabetes is less then 7 percent. If your number is less then 7 percent this means that your treatment plan is probably effective and your blood sugar is under good control. This test should be obtained at least twice a year and any other times as indicated by your health care provider.
If you have diabetes, it is recommended that you obtain annual foot, eye, and dental examinations by a health care provider, kidney function tests and cholesterol checks. It is also recommended that you check your feet on a daily basis. Look at your bare feet for cuts, blisters, red spots, and swelling and report anything foot problems to your doctor. If you have trouble seeing your feet, you can use a mirror or ask a friend or family member for help.
Maintenance of blood glucose control is enhanced by adjustment of diet, exercise or medication based on knowledge of blood glucose levels. Blood glucose levels can be estimated directly and almost instantaneously by the patient, using fingertip samples of blood with testing strips. Estimates of blood glucose levels over the previous few hours can also be made by measuring the urine glucose level. This is done by dipping a strip in a fresh sample of urine. Although blood glucose measuring methods are deemed to provide more useful information in controlling blood glucose levels, they are more expensive than urine glucose testing methods. There is also some doubt as to whether self-monitoring of blood glucose levels is more beneficial than urine testing in achieving better glycemic control in people with type 2 diabetes (Gallichan, 1997).
The American Diabetes Association guidelines suggest that although the optimal frequency of testing blood glucose is not known, it should be sufficient to facilitate reaching glucose goals (Mensing et al, 2002). Furthermore, it is recognized that for effective self-monitoring, the results must be accompanied by informed interpretation and knowledge of how to use them to adjust diet, exercise or medication.
It is clear that no single answer will suit every patient. For the healthcare professional, blood glucose monitoring gives data which is more useful than urine glucose monitoring. However, most people with type 2 diabetes who are not on insulin can gain sufficient information from urine glucose monitoring. Some people may prefer urine tests to blood tests; some may not have the dexterity to perform blood tests unaided. One study has shown that many people do not use self-monitoring of blood glucose, and of those who do, only half self-adjust their treatment (Hjelm et al, 200 I).
DIABETES AND URINE GLUCOSE MONITORING
Although used in the past to self-monitor diabetes control, urine glucose testing has been largely replaced by self blood glucose monitoring using a small, personal meter. The reason for this is the greater accuracy with which blood glucose monitoring reflects your blood glucose level. However, if you have difficulty obtaining a drop of blood, or you have some other difficulty performing blood glucose monitoring, your health care provider, midwife, or diabetes educator may suggest that urine glucose monitoring is suitable for you.
A urine glucose test determines whether or not glucose (sugar) is present in the urine. Glucose will overflow into the urine only when the blood glucose level is high, that is, too high for the kidneys to stop it spilling over into the urine. In most people, blood glucose levels above 10 mmol of glucose per liter of plasma will cause glucose to appear in the urine. This level is called the "renal threshold" for glucose. However, the renal threshold for glucose can be lower in some people who are otherwise healthy, during pregnancy, and in people who have a kidney disorder. In these people, glucose may be present in the urine despite the blood glucose being normal. This can sometimes make urine glucose tests difficult to interpret.
If you are to monitor your diabetes with urine glucose testing, you will be advised which time of day to perform the test. Make sure you understand how to perform the test, and go over the instructions for your brand of test strip with your health care provider, midwife, or diabetes educator.
ADVANTAGES OF URINE GLUCOSE MONITORING
Urine glucose testing is easy to do: just dip the test strip in the urine and read the result at the allocated time.
It is less painful than blood glucose monitoring - no finger pricks to collect blood!
Urine test strips are less costly than buying a blood glucose monitor and its test strips.
TO PERFORM THE URINE GLUCOSE TEST:
Urine glucose is usually measured as a "spot test" with a dipstick containing a color-sensitive pad. This pad is saturated with specific chemicals which react with glucose. The resulting color is indicative of the glucose concentration.
For infants, thoroughly wash the area around the urethra. Open a urine collection bag (a plastic bag with an adhesive paper on one end), and place it on your infant. For males, the entire penis can be placed in the bag and the adhesive attached to the skin. For females, the bag is placed over the labia. Place a diaper over the infant (bag and all). The infant should be checked frequently and the bag changed after the infant has urinated into the bag. For active infants, this procedure may take a couple of attempts -- lively infants can displace the bag, causing an inability to obtain the specimen. The urine is drained into the container for transport to the laboratory.
- Collect a small amount of urine.
- Apply this to the test strip, usually by dipping the strip in the urine sample.
- Read the test result at the specified time, by comparing the color change on the test strip with the standard color range for your brand of test strip. The reference color chart is usually printed on the container.
It's a good idea to write down your test results or keep a chart of them, and take these with you when you see your health care provider, midwife, or diabetes educator. Also note down any special circumstances at the time of the test, for example, if you had a cold or were under some emotional stress, or were overeating or taking medication to treat another condition.
This type of information is helpful to your health care provider or midwife when making decisions about how to best manage your diabetes.
If monitoring your diabetes control by testing your urine glucose, it's important to understand the limitations of this method.
- A urine glucose test does not reflect your blood glucose level at the time of testing; instead, it gives an indication of your blood glucose level over the past several hours. For example, some of the urine present in your bladder may be 2 hours old, and may show glucose even though your blood glucose may have normalized since then. Compare this to a blood glucose test which gives you a reading of your current blood glucose level.
- A urine glucose test does not give you any information about low blood glucose levels, as glucose is only found in the urine when the blood glucose level is above 10 mmol/L. That is, a negative urine glucose test may be the result of a normal blood glucose level or a dangerously low blood glucose level, with the urine glucose test unable to differentiate between the 2 situations.
- The results of a urine glucose test are influenced by the volume and concentration of urine that you pass, which will vary with the amount of fluid you consume and your fluid loss due to such things as heavy sweating or vomiting.
Urine glucose tests designed for home use rely on interpreting a color change to define the result. Subtle color differences may be difficult to interpret.
- If a urine glucose test is not read at the specified time after applying the urine to the test strip, then the result is prone to error.
- Some medications may interfere with the results of urine glucose testing.
Glucose in urine: When abnormal values of glucose are found during a urine test, further investigation is required to ascertain your true health status. Using a urine test is a quick and inexpensive way to check for glucose in your urine, and is one of our test kit products that can be done in the privacy of your home.
Normal Glucose Range in Urine 0 - 0.8 mmol/l (0 - 15 mg/dl) Measuring Range 0 - 111.1 mmol/l (0 - 2000 mg/dl)
Glucose Levels In Urine: When the glucose level exceeds the renal threshold of 10 - 12 mmol/l, glucose is excreted in the urine.
Abnormal Glucose Values May Indicative Of
- Renal Glycosuria.
- Diabetes Mellitus.
- Renal glycosuria during pregnancy.
- After excessive consumption of carbohydrates.
Further Action Required If Glucose Is Found In Urine:
- Check blood glucose levels.
- Check urine for ketones.
The 10-in-1 Urine Test Strips
These test strips are the same ones I carry in my prenatal and birth bags for my pregnant clients. They check for a variety of substances found in urine, including glucose, and are helpful in keeping a finger on a client's pregnancy well-being.
The glucose urine test strip uses a double sequential enzymatic reaction, involving glucose oxidase and peroxidase in the presence of an indicator is responsible for the color change.
Sensitivity may decrease with urine of high specific gravity (greater than 1,030) and with ascorbic acid concentrations bigger or equal than 2,5 mmol/l.
- Sensitivity: 2,0 mmol/l glucose.
- Active Agent: Glucose oxidase (100 U/ml); peroxidase (100 U/ml).
CLINITEST URINE TEST STRIPS BENEFITS
The very affordable 10-in-1 test strips will check your urine for glucose, urobilinogen, ketones, protein, blood, pH, nitrite, bilirubin, leucocytes as well as specific gravity. Each of these parameters are indicative of different health problems.
GLUCOSE
This test is based on a sequential enzyme reaction. First, glucose oxidase catalyzes the formation of gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide from the oxidation of glucose. A second enzyme, peroxidase, catalyzes the reaction of hydrogen peroxide with potassium iodide chromogen to oxidize the chromogen to colors ranging from blue through greenish-brown, and brown to dark-brown.
Reactivity of the test decreases as the specific gravity and/or pH of urine increases, and may also vary with temperature. Ascorbic acid (more than 50 mg/dl) and ketone bodies (more than 40 mg/dl) may cause a false negative result for a specimen containing a small amount of glucose (100 mg/dl). However, the combinations of such ketone levels and low glucose levels are metabolically improbable.
The test has a sensitivity of 100-mg/dl glucose. False negative results may be obtained with the presence of levodopa, ascorbic acid, glutathione, and dipyrone. If the test color appears somewhat mottled at higher glucose concentrations, match the darkest color to the color on the reagent pad.
KETONES
This test is based on the reaction of acetoacetic acid in the urine with nitroprusside. The resulting color ranges from tan when no reaction takes place, to purple for a positive reaction. Normal urine specimens ordinarily yield negative results with this reagent.
False positive results may occur with highly pigmented urine specimens or those containing large amounts of levodopa metabolites.
Acetone or beta-hydroxybutyric acid have no significant effect on this test.
BLOOD
This test is based on the pseudoperoxidase activity of hemoglobin which catalyzes the reaction of 3,3'5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine and buffered organic peroxide, 2,5-dimethylhexane-2,5-dihydroperoxide. The resulting color ranges from, greenish-yellow through bluish-green to dark blue.
A false positive test result can sometimes occur when bacteria are present in the urine. Ascorbic acid or protein may reduce the reactivity of the blood test. Strong oxidizing substances such as hypochlorites may produce a false positive result. Urine from menstruating females often, but not always, yield positive results.
This test is slightly more sensitive to free hemoglobin and myoglobin than to intact erythrocytes. The test is generally capable of detecting 0.015-mg/dl free hemoglobin or 5 to 10 intact red blood cells per ml of urine. The sensitivity may he reduced in urine with high specific gravity and ascorbic acid content. The appearance of green spots on the reagent test area indicates the presence of intact erythrocytes in the urine.
PROTEIN
This test is based on the color change of the indicator tetrabromophenol blue. A positive reaction is indicated by a color change from yellow through green and then to greenish-blue.
The minimum sensitivity of this test is 10 mg/dl of protein in urine. Highly buffered alkaline urines (pH 9) may give false negative results. The interpretation of results is also difficult in turbid urine specimens.
NITRITE
This test is based on the reaction of p-arsanilic acid and nitrite in urine to form a diazonium compound. The diazonium compound in turn couples with N- (l-naphthyl) ethylenediamine in an acid medium and the resulting color is pink. Any degree of pink color is considered positive, however, pink spots or pink edges should not be interpreted as a positive result. Color development is not proportional to the number of bacteria present.
A mid-stream first morning urine specimen is recommended for this test. The sensitivity of the nitrite test is decreased with high specific gravity or ascorbic acid concentrations of 25 mg/dl or greater. Comparison of the reagent pad against a white background may aid in the detection of low levels of nitrite.
PH VALUES
This test is based on double indicators (methyl red and bromothymol blue), which give a broad range of colors covering the entire urinary pH range. Colors range from orange through greenish-yellow and green to blue.
This test indicates the pH values within the range of 5 to 9.
Certain drugs, such as those used for hypertension and heart diseases (acetazolamides) may cause an alkaline urine. Excessive urine on the test strip may wash the acid buffer from the neighboring protein reagent onto the pH area and change the pH reading to an acid pH although the urine being tested may originally have been neutral or alkaline. An accurate reading may be influenced by slight variations of pigments in the urine.
UROBILIRUBIN
The test is based on a diazotisation reaction of 4- Methoxybenzene diazoniurn salt and urinary urobilinogen in a strong acid medium. The color changes from pink to brown-red.
This test can detect urobilinogen in concentrations as low as 0.1 mg/dl: It should be noted that most normal urines may give a slight pink reaction, and a high concentration of formalin may give a false negative result.
BILIRUBIN
This test is based on the coupling of bilirubin with 2.4-dichlorobenzene diazonium salt in a strong acid medium. The color changes from light tan to pinkish-purple. No bilirubin is detectable in normal urine by even the most sensitive methods.
Since the bilirubin in samples is sensitive to light, exposure of the urine samples to light for a long period of time may result in a false negative test result. Ascorbic acid concentration of 25-50 mg/dl may also cause a false negative test result. Even trace amounts of bilirubin are abnormal and require further investigation. False positive results may be obtained from the presence of diagnostic or therapeutic dyes in the test urine.
The test has a sensitivity of 0.5 mg/dl bilirubin and bilirubin in urine is an indicator of liver disease before any clinical symptoms are evident.
LEUCOCYTES
This test reveals the presence of granulocyte esterases. The esterases cleave a derivatized pyrazole amino acid ester to liberate derivatized hydroxy pyrazole.
This pyrazole then reacts with a diazonium salt to produce a purple color. The test is capable of detecting trace levels as low as 15WBC/µl.
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
This test is based on the pka change of certain pretreated polyelectrolytes in relation to the ionic concentration. In the presence of an indicator, the color changes from deep blue in urine of low ionic concentration.
Elevated specific gravity readings may be obtained in the presence of moderate quantities (100- 700 mg/dl) of protein. Specific gravity is also increased with the glucose concentration in the urine and highly buffered alkaline urines may also cause low reading results.
SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS
Drugs that may increase urine glucose measurements include aminosalicylic acid, cephalosporins, chloral hydrate, chloramphenicol, dextrothyroxine, diazoxide, diuretics (loop and thiazides), estrogens, isoniazid, levodopa, lithium, nafcillin, nalidixic acid, and nicotinic acid (large doses).
Drugs that may give false positive results with Clinitest, but not with Clinistix or Tes-tape, include acetylsalicylic acid, aminosalicylic acid, ascorbic acid, cephalothin, chloral hydrate, nitrofurantoin, streptomycin, and sulfonamides.
Drugs that may give false negative results are ascorbic acid (using Clinistix, Tes-tape), levodopa (using Clinistix), and phenothiazines (using Clinistix, Tes-tape).
NORMAL GLUCOSE VALUES
Glucose should not be detectable in the urine. If glucose is reported positive on a urine specimen, further testing is warranted.
ABNORMAL RESULTS
Abnormal results producing greater-than-normal levels may indicate:
- Diabetes mellitus.
- Renal Glycosuria. This may be an isolated abnormality or occur in the context of other kidney diseases like Fanconi's Syndrome.
MEDICAL URINE TEST STRIPS
Many medical conditions can be investigated and detected by using medical urine test strips, and they are a great help to ascertain your health status. The Clinitest strips are available for home use, and test simultaneously for the presence of glucose, ketones, blood, protein, nitrite, pH, urobilinogen, bilirubin, leucocytes in urine as well as specific gravity.
The combination of reagents that are tested gives a good general coverage for a range of health indicators.
THE KIDNEYS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS
Regulating the volume and concentrating of body fluids by the kidneys
As you can see - the test strips will test the entire spectrum of what can be tested by using urine dipstick test strips.
Instead of just testing for ketones or glucose, you can now test the entire spectrum of your urine, by using Clinitest's very affordable urine test strips.
URINE TEST PRODUCTS
SUBCUTANEOUS INJECTION
Subcutaneous injection is the route of administration that is most commonly chosen for injection because it provides a greater comfort level. Alternate sites in order to prevent absorption problems, the risk of infection, or soreness, which may occur if one site is used repeatedly.
Supplies:
- Alcohol swabs.
- Needle and syringe for subcutaneous injection.
- Bandage strip.
- Gauze pads.
- Medication.
- Sharp's container.
STEP 1: Wash your hands with soap and water.
STEP 2: Wipe the top of the medication vial for injection with an alcohol swab.
STEP 3: Remove the needle guard (cover) from the needle and syringe, saving the needle guard. Be sure you are using a proper syringe for subcutaneous injections. Pull back on the syringe plunger to draw up an amount of air equal to the amount of medication that will be used for the injection.
STEP 4: Holding the vial of medication in an upright position (such as sitting it on a table top), slowly insert the needle into the rubber stopper on top of the vial while holding the syringe barrel carefully. Do not bend needle. Then push the plunger to discharge all the air into the vial. This prevents vacuum.
STEP 5: With the needle in the vial, turn the vial upside down and hold both the vial and the syringe together in one hand. The tip of the needle should be in the solution. Hold the vial between the thumb and forefinger, supporting the syringe with other hand, pull the plunger back in a slow, continuous motion until you have drawn into the syringe the amount of medication to be given. Be sure the needle stays in the fluid in vial. Do not touch inside of plunger.
STEP 6: Check for clear air bubbles inside of syringe. Small bubbles are not harmful but take up space in syringe. With bubbles present, correct amount of medication may not be prepared. If air bubbles have formed in the syringe, dislodge them by gently tapping the syringe with your free hand while continuing to hold the syringe and vial in the inverted position. Bubbles should rise to the top of the syringe, and then you can push them back into the vial by moving the plunger and slowly pull the medication into the syringe again, stopping at the correct dose. Repeat this procedure until there are no large air bubbles in the syringe. Always double check to make sure you have the correct amount of medication in the syringe. If necessary, draw more solution into the syringe.
STEP 7: Remove the needle from the vial by pulling it straight out. VERY CAREFULLY replace the needle guard without touching the needle. If the medication needs to be refrigerated, place in the refrigerator.
STEP 8: Prepare the injection site by cleaning the area with an alcohol swab. To do this start at the center, apply pressure, and cleanse in a circular motion working outward. Do NOT retrace your steps. (If this is a wound repair using sutures, wash the wound thoroughly with sterile saline solution and gently dab dry with sterile gauze pads (4X4s) before injecting with anesthetic medication. Do not use alcohol for cleansing sensitive episiotomy or tears in the perineal area of the body.)
STEP 9: Wait a few seconds until the alcohol has dried. This reduces the sting. Remove the needle guard from the needle and syringe filled with medication. Hold the syringe as you would a pencil.
STEP 10: With your free hand, gently pinch up the skin at the injection site. Holding the syringe at a right angle to the site, insert the needle using a quick smooth motion. Going slowly will cause more pain. A 45 degree angle may be used for children or thin adults.
STEP 11: When the needle is in place, slowly pull back on the plunger to see if any blood flows into the syringe. If some blood does enter the syringe (a rare occurrence), remove the needle and discard the syringe and medication, and prepare another injection. According to Mosby: Nursing Interventions and Clinical Skills Skill 40.3, Routine aspiration is no longer recommended. If no blood enters the syringe, let go of the skin and slowly inject the medication by gently pushing the plunger until the syringe is empty.
STEP 12: Put alcohol swab over needle gently, and pull needle out quickly at the same angle it was inserted. Check for medication leakage at site. Apply pressure to the injection site with a dry, sterile gauze pad. You may note a drop of blood, but there is no cause for concern. If desired, apply a bandage. Without replacing the needle guard on the needle, dispose of the needle into a sharps container.
INTRAMUSCULAR (IM) INJECTIONS
Follow the same instructions above except these injections are usually given in the large muscle of the buttock. To locate the correct area, divide the buttock into four areas. The injection should be given in the upper, outer portion of the buttock.
The needle should go into the skin on a 90 degree angle, should go into the skin the entire 1 1/2 inches (the entire length of the needle). A consistent even motion should be used when an injection is administered. The person who is getting the injection should lay face down on the bed or lean over the bed.
When the needle is in the muscle, steady the syringe with hand and pull back on the plunger to look for possible blood in the syringe (this would indicate that the needle is in not in the correct area). Should this occur, simply remove the needle and find a new injection site. You may still use the same medication, but attach a new needle to the syringe. If after pulling back on the plunger no blood was noted, medication remains clear, slowly push on the plunger to administer the entire medication in the syringe.
Pull the needle out straight and quickly. Some blood may appear at the surface of the skin. Place a band aid at the injection site. Dispose of all needles in a safe manner using a sharps container. Gently massage the area.
INJECTION LINKS
Injections - Insulin
DIABETES SUPPLEMENTAL PRODUCTS
Information, products and supplements for diabetes, a disease of the pancreas related to the release of insulin into the blood stream. Consult with your health care provider or midwife before taking any nutritional supplement or changing your dietary/medicational plan.
Multivitamin & Multi-mineral for Diabetics, Complete Diabetic Vitamin Formula - 90 Tabs, Iron Free, All Natural, Nature's Way Vegetarian
Twice daily Multivitamin formula for diabetics, with Alpha Lipoic Acid, Fenugreek and GTF Chromium for daily support. Specially balanced nutritional supplement. Extra support with Alpha Lipoic Acid, Chromium, L-Carnitine, Quercetin Taurine and Vanadium. Plus an herbal blend of Fenugreek, Cinnamon and Neem.Blood Sugar Formula w/ Gymnema Extract, Nature's Way - 90 Caps
Contains GTF Chromium part of an important cofactor for insulin as well as other herbs and minerals used in support of healthy blood sugar levels. This formula represent the powerful synergy of current scientific research and traditional herbal medicine.Diabetes Formula Tincture, 100% Organic - 2 fl. oz.
This diabetic formula may help to decrease the amount of insulin required by the individual.Reversing Diabetes, Revised and Updated, by Julian Whitaker, M.D.
This bestselling guide will arm you with safer and equally effective ways of treating diabetes through a sensible diet, exercise, and specific nutritional supplement suggestions. You can improve blood sugar control, reduce if not eliminate reliance on medication, decrease risk of complications and diseases associated with diabetes.Sugar Control Herbal Tea - 20 Tea Bags
For maintaining normal blood sugar and blood fat level, urine sugar level.Diabetic Foot Bath Oil - 100 ml w/ Organic Alpine Herbs, (Oel Fussbad)
This Diabetic Foot Oil Bath, is an ideal cleanser and moisturizer for dry, calloused, sensitive skin.Insulin Health X-Factors, Blood Sugar Supplement, 60 Tablets
Insulin Health X-Factors is a revolutionary cutting edge dietary supplement specifically designed to support healthy insulin metabolism as well as cardiovascular function.NOW Foods, Stevia Extract Powder - 100 packets / Box
This Stevia Extract Powder is a Packeted Form of Stevia rebaudiana the "Honeyleaf" with Zero Fat, Zero glycemic index, Zero Calories, and No Bitter Aftertaste.All Natural Travel Size Stevia Sweetener - SteviaClear Liquid 6ml - 60 servings
Stevia Sweetener an all natural, no calories, no carbs, no bitter aftertaste, with endless uses sweetener.Noni Juice, Trace Minerals - 32 fl. oz.
Trace Minerals Noni Juice product may provide nutritional support for Bio-Electric Health and Body Mineral Balancing.Omega 3 Fish Oil Mood Aid, EFA Gold, Enteric Coated - 60 Softgels
Research suggests a correlation between consuming more omega-3 fatty acids from fish and better emotional health. MoodAid provides a convenient way to add an effective amount to your diet.Flax Protein / Fiber / Lignan Cold Milled Powder Plus Omega 3, Certified Organic, Nature's Way - 16 oz.
With 6g Fiber/300mg Lignan/5g Protein (including 18 amino acids) per serving, Nature's Way EFAGold is one of nature's richest sources of protein, fiber & essential fatty acids.Liquid Flavored Sweetleaf Stevia - 4 Flavored Stevia Bottles - 6 ml - 60 servings each
Flavored Sweetleaf Stevia has Four exciting All Natural, Zero Cal, Zero Carb, Zero Glycemic index - Flavored Stevia bottles at an exciting value of only one penny per drop.Ginkgo Biloba Extract Standardized, Nature's Way 60mg - 120 VCaps
Supports circulation to the brain as well as the extremities. This is achieved by maintaining healthy blood vessel tone and reducing blood viscosity. Additionally, Ginkgo biloba is a proven free radical scavenger and antioxidant.Opuntia (Prickly Pear), 250mg - 100 Caps
Opuntia prickly pear flowers (Opuntia ficus-indica) were traditionally used as medicine for male urinary discomforts. It was also used externally as an ointment.Glucomannan (Konjac Fiber), Nature's Way 665mg - 180 Caps
Nature's Way Glucomannan (Amorphophallus konjac fiber) is a 100% dietary fiber source obtained from the root of the konjac plant.Gymnema Sylvestre Tincture, 100% Organic - 2 fl. oz.
For diabetes, hypoglycemia, and as a digestive tonic. Used for weight reduction, to help prevent tooth decay, and restore pancreatic function. Helps to block the absorption of sugar in the digestive tract.Cinnamon Bark (Cinnamonum verum), NOW Foods 600mg each Capsule - 240 Caps
Experiments conducted by the USDA have shown that this - the variety we call "True Cinnamon" can lower blood sugar by mimicking insulin, activating insulin receptors and working with insulin in the cells to reduce blood sugar by up to 20%.Sugar Balancer, TCM Formula, Huafen Yuxiao - 60 Caps
Chinese medicine uses this time-honored formula to supplement the Qi and Yin and to maintain healthy blood and urine sugar level and healthy functions of the autonomic nerve.Bhumy Amalaki Powder (Phyllanthus niruri), 100% Organic - 8 oz. Bulk
Bhumy Amalaki is employed for numerous conditions including blennorrhagia, colic, diabetes, dysentery, fever, flu, tumors, jaundice, vaginitis, and dyspepsia.Huckleberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) Tincture, 100% Organic - 2 fl. oz.
Huckleberry leaf is used by naturopathic physicians to treat sugar diabetes and ailments of the kidneys and gallbladder.Diabetic Insulin Support Tincture, 100% Organic - 2 fl. oz.
The Diabetic Insulin Support formula provides synergistic support for the adrenals, kidneys and pancreas and may help those with insulin dependent diabetes.Stevia Clear Liquid Tincture, Wisdom Herbs - 4 fl. oz.
Stevia Clear Liquid Tincture is an excellent diabetic aid which nourishes the pancreas, helping to achieve healthful blood sugar levels.Stevia Clear, Chocolate Raspberry Liquid Tincture - 2 fl. oz.
We've taken out best selling SteviaClear and added delicious natural flavors to create the world's most amazing and versatile zero calorie, zero carb dietary supplement.Stevia Clear, Vanilla Creme Liquid Tincture - 2 fl. oz.
We've taken out best selling SteviaClear and added delicious natural flavors to create the world's most amazing and versatile zero calorie, zero carb dietary supplement.Stevia Clear, Valencia Orange Liquid Tincture - 2 fl. oz.
We've taken out best selling SteviaClear and added delicious natural flavors to create the world's most amazing and versatile zero calorie, zero carb dietary supplement.Stevia Glycerite, Alcohol Free NOW Foods - 2 fl. oz. (60 ml)
Stevia glycerite is intended for dietary supplement purposes only. Stevia Glycerite can be mixed into water and diluted.Stevia Extract White Powder - 25g
Stevia extract has a delicious and refreshing taste that can be 30 times sweeter than sugar. Stevia is also an excellent diabetic aid which nourishes the pancreas, helping to achieve healthful blood sugar levels.Manuka Honey Active UMF 10+ - 375g
Comvita Active UMF 10+ Manuka Honey contains a high level of antibacterial activity not found in other honeys. For digestive health and to assist the digestive process.Coral Calcium (Okinawa) Plus w/ Magnesium & Vitamin D, 100% Natural, NOW Foods 500mg - 100 VCaps
Okinawa Coral Calcium Plus with Magnesium, Vitamin D and 70 other trace minerals provides essential minerals, restores body alkalinity, supports the immune system, and is bio available for better absorption.Buchu Leaves Tincture, 100% Organic - 2 fl. oz. - A-H-H
Buchu leaves act as a diuretic and antiseptic, and today is used in treating inflammation of the urethra, blood in the urine, bladder infections, and other chronic urinary tract disorders.Vanadium Ionic Mineral Supplement, Fully Absorbable, 100 +/- ppm - 16 fl. oz.
WaterOz Ionic Vanadium is a pure liquid Vanadium supplement. Vanadium regulates the circulatory system, helps reduce cholesterol levels and buildup in the central nervous system, lowers elevated blood sugar and is believed to help reduce the incidence of heart attack.GlyMordica Bitter Melon, 100% Natural, 450mg - 60 Caps
Bitter melon is one of the few agents which has the potential to bolster a flagging pancreas. It has been recommended by the Department of Health of the Philippines as one of the best herbal medicines for it's ability to help with liver problems, Diabetes and HIV. It is an excellent natural remedy for the common cold.Alpha Lipoic Acid w/ Rosemary, Nature's Way Pharmaceutical Grade 50mg - 60 Caps
Alpha Lipoic Acid is central to recycling other antioxidants like Vitamin E, Vitamin C, and GSH glutathione. By "sparing" their destruction, Alpha Lipoate extends their antioxidant power. Being both water and fat soluble, lipoic acid is the "universal" antioxidant that can easily function in both cellular membranes and fluid media within and outside the cell.Alpha Lipoic Acid, NOW Foods 250mg - 60 Caps
Alpha-Lipoic Acid is a versatile water and fat soluble metabolic antioxidant. Another benefit is that it also acts as a potent free radical quencher and aids other vitamins in their antioxidant activities.Momordica Tincture, 100% Organic - 2 fl. oz.
It has been suggested that Bitter Melon, Momordica, has anti-tumor and antiviral actions. MAP 30 is a protein found in Bitter Melon that is believed to have multiple functions that could be beneficial in treating HIV infection.Multivitamin & Multi-mineral for Diabetics, Complete Diabetic Vitamin Formula - 90 Tabs, Iron Free, All Natural, Nature's Way Vegetarian
Twice daily Multivitamin formula for diabetics, with Alpha Lipoic Acid, Fenugreek and GTF Chromium for daily support. Specially balanced nutritional supplement. Extra support with Alpha Lipoic Acid, Chromium, L-Carnitine, Quercetin Taurine and Vanadium. Plus an herbal blend of Fenugreek, Cinnamon and Neem.Natural Treatments For Diabetes, By R. N. Ellsworth
This Book offers essential information on the types of diabetes and symptoms, as well as dietary recommendations, and current research.Chromium Picolinate, 100% Natural, Nature's Way 200mcg - 100 Caps
Nature's Way Chromium Picolinate is 100 percent natural, patented Chromium Picolinate. It contains no artificial ingredients or preservatives.Garlicin Cholesterol Control, Odor Free, Nature's Way 350mg - 90 Enteric-Coated Tabs
In clinical studies garlic has been shown to lower serum cholesterol and help maintain circulatory efficiency. The greatest effect resulted from garlic products with standardized amounts of allicin release in doses of 5,000 mcg per day.Siberian Eleuthero Root, Nature's Way (Eleuthero, Eleutherococcus Senticosus Root), 410mg - 100 Caps
Siberian Ginseng Root (Eleutherococcus Senticosus Root) improves physical an mental vitality. It is an adaptogenic herb, which helps the body to adapt to daily stress. It is an ideal supplement for those leading a demanding and hectic lifestyle.L Glutamine, 100% Pure Powder Free Form Amino Acid & GH Releaser, Vegetarian, NOW Foods - 1 lb. (454g)
L-Glutamine is an important amino acid and natural Growth Hormone Releaser that helps brain function, and may be used for combating effects of alcoholism, alleviating hypoglycemia, fatigue reduction, improving exercise endurance, benefiting the liver and intestines, maintaining a healthy gastrointestinal tract, and strengthening the immune system.Vitamin E (as d-alpha Tocopheryl Acetate), 100 % Natural, NOW Foods 400 IU - 250 Softgels
Vitamin E is a major antioxidant and the primary defense against lipid peroxidation. It is particularly important in protecting the body's cells from free radical/oxidative damage.Flax Seed, Whole, Certified Organic - 1lb. Bulk
Flax Seeds are an important source of polyunsaturated fatty acids, including Omega-3, plus Magnesium, Zinc and dietary fiber. Flax oil from flax seeds is the richest known source of linolenic acid.Zinc Lozenges w/ Echinacea & Vitamin C, Nature's Way 23mg - 60 Lozenges
Nature's Way Zinc lozenge boosts cold season defense with zinc, widely recognized as an important nutritional support during the cold season, and echinacea pupurea, clinically shown to support the immune system, and Vitamin C, a vitally important vitamin for general health maintenance.Aloe Vera Juice, Pure Aloe Force, Organically Grown Unprocessed Whole Raw Aloe Vera - 33.8 fl. oz.
The magnificent Aloe plant, that is designed to be self-sufficient & thrive in the desert, feeds us in unique ways with its 250+ naturally occurring constituents including: enzymes, amino acids, essential fatty acids, vitamins, minerals, glycoproteins, sterols, growth factors, & all sizes of uniquely complex Aloe polysaccharides and mannans.Aloe Vera Juice, Herbal Aloe Force, Organically Grown Unprocessed Whole Raw Aloe Vera - 33.8 fl. oz.
Herbal Aloe Force Re-Natures the cells, tissues, glands, organs and all systems of the body to function as originally designed.
MOONDRAGON'S RELATED LINKS
American Diabetes Association
National Center
P.O. Box 25757
1660 Duke Street
Alexandria, VA 22314
(703) 549-1500
http://www.diabetes.org
Ask about state and local chapters.
American Heart Association
7272 Greenville Avenue
Dallas, TX 75231
800-AHA-USA1
(214) 373-6300
Ask about state and local chapters.
International Diabetes Center
3800 Park Nicolet Boulevard
Minneapolis, MN 55416
(612) 927-3393
Joslin Diabetes Center
One Josline Place
Boston, MA 02215
(617) 732-2415
Juvenile Diabetes Foundation (JDF)
120 Wall Street, 19th Floor
New York, NY 10005
(800) 533-2873
(212) 785-9500
National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse (NDIC)
1 Information Way
Bethesda, MD 20892-3560
(301)654-3327
National Eye Institute (NEI)
National Institutes of Health
Building 31, Room 6A32
31 Central Drive,MSC 2510
Bethesda, MD 20892-2510
(301)496-5248
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive
and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
National Institutes of Health
Building 31, Room 9A04
31 Central Drive,MSC 2560
Bethesda, MD 20892-2560
(301)496-3583
NOTIFY YOUR MIDWIFE OR HEALTH CARE PROVIDER IF...
You or a family member has diabetes mellitus and wants to become pregnant or is pregnant.
The following occur during treatment call 911 immediately:
- Inability to think clearly.
- Weakness.
- Excessive sweating.
- Paleness.
- Rapid heartbeat.
- Seizures.
- Loses consciousness or becomes unconscious. A coma may indicate hypoglycemia.
- Fruity odor on the breath.
- Changes in breathing pattern.
- Stupor (may indicate ketoacidosis).
- Several days of illness or weakness.
- Numbness.
- Tingling or pain in the hands and feet.
- Chest pain.
Has a low blood sugar level (less than 50 mg/dL), symptoms of low blood sugar (see above) and does not wake up after being given sugar.
Is becoming increasingly sleepy and has a blood sugar level of less than 60 mg/dL after following steps for dealing with low blood sugar.
Call your health care provider or midwife if you have gestational diabetes and:
- You notice a change in the pattern of or stop having fetal movements.
- Your blood sugar level is below 55 mg/dL and you have not talked with your health care provider or midwife about how to deal with low blood sugar levels.
- Your blood sugar level does not rise above 60 mg/dL after following the steps for dealing with low blood sugar.
- Your blood sugar level is above normal and you have not talked with your health care provider or midwife about how to deal with high blood sugar.
- You are taking insulin and your blood sugar level stays high after taking a missed dose of insulin or taking an extra dose of insulin (if prescribed by your health care provider).
- You have problems with high or low blood sugar levels. If you are taking insulin, you may need to change how much you are taking.
- You are sick for more than 2 days (unless it is a mild illness, such as a cold) and you:
- Have been throwing up or have had diarrhea for more than 6 hours.
- Think your symptoms, such as feeling very thirsty and weak, are being caused by high blood sugar.
- Have tried the home treatments suggested by your health care provider or midwife, and they have not worked.
- Have blood sugar levels consistently above 180 mg/dL.
Prescription for Nutritional Healing: The A-To-Z Guide To Supplements
-- by Phyllis A. Balch, James F. Balch
NOTE: Bulk herbs are available through Mountain Rose Herbs and Nutritional Supplements are available through Herbal Remedies. To find supplements not listed above, click on the links below:
Mountain Rose Bulk Herbs
Mountain Rose Aromatherapy Oils
Click Here To Visit Herbal Remedies Product Page
