DESCRIPTION

Abruptio placentae is the partial separation of the placenta (also called the afterbirth) from the wall of the uterus in the last 3 months of pregnancy. The placenta carries all nourishment and oxygen to the unborn child. If the placenta partially separates prematurely, the child's life will be endangered. Treatment depends on the severity of the separation, the condition of the fetus, and the duration of the pregnancy.



There are three classifications of placenta abruption: External Abruption (Bleeding is evident when blood is seen flowing from the vagina), Relatively Concealed Abruption (There may be blood spotting or no bleeding seen), and Concealed Abruption (Blood backed up behind the placenta and no blood is seen flowing from the vagina). All classifications are severe and can result in fetal demise and danger to the mother. Full abruption is when the entire placenta has separated from the uterus and fetal demise is almost certain unless an immediate cesarean is performed. A partial abruption is when an edge of the placenta has separated, such is seen in a placenta previa (the placenta covers the opening of the cervix either partially or fully) when cervical dilation begins and the placenta is dislodged.

Also known as Premature separation of placenta; Ablatio placentae; Abruptio placentae; Placental abruption.

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FREQUENT SIGNS & SYMPTOMS

Small separation of the placenta:

• Vaginal bleeding.


• Mild pain or discomfort. Abdominal pain. Back pain.


• Unborn child remains healthy.

Large separation of the placenta:

• Heavy vaginal bleeding.


• Severe pain in the lower abdomen or back.


• Hard, tender abdomen.


• Shock (rapid heartbeat, rapid breathing, and dizziness).


• Fetal distress; heartbeat of the unborn child may be inaudible.


• Coagulopathy (disseminated intravascular coagulopathy [DIC]) - certain elements of the placenta are released into the mother's circulation causing blood clotting defects. Symptoms include nosebleed, blood in the urine, oozing from puncture sites, bleeding into the skin, round red spots on the skin.

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CAUSES

It is frequently difficult to determine the exact causes of placenta abruptio. Direct causes that result in placenta abruptio are quite rare, but include injury to the abdomen from an auto accident or fall, sudden loss in uterine volume (can occur with rapid loss of amniotic fluid or the delivery of a first twin), or an abnormally short umbilical cord.

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RISK INCREASES WITH

High blood pressure. Approximately 50 percent of placenta abruptio cases severe enough to cause fetal death are associated with high blood pressure hypertension)

Women who smoke cigarettes.

Women over age 35.

Women who have had several pregnancies and deliveries.

A previous pregnancy with placental separation. After one prior episode there is a 10-17 percent recurrence; after two previous episodes the chance of recurrence exceeds 20 percent.

A direct blow causing trauma to the uterus.

Chronic disease, such as diabetes mellitus.

Abuse of alcohol or drugs (particularly cocaine). Drinking more than 14 alcoholic drinks per week during pregnancy.

Poor nutrition.

Low lying placenta (placenta previa) that partially or totally covers the cervical opening. The placenta may be partially or totally dislodged or detached when the cervix begins to dilate in late pregnancy.

The incidence of placenta abruptio, including any amount of placental separation prior to delivery, is about 1 out of 150 deliveries. The severe form, which results in fetal death, occurs in about 1 out of 500 to 750 deliveries.

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PREVENTIVE MEASURES

Get early and continuous prenatal care.

Early recognition and proper management of conditions in the mother such as diabetes and high blood pressure also decrease the risk of placenta abruptio.

If pregnant, do not engage in activity more vigorous than what you were accustomed to before pregnancy.

Avoid risk factors (listed above) when possible. Maintain a positive lifestyle free of smoking, alcohol and recreational drug use (e.g., cocaine use).

Proper and adequate nutrition prior to becoming pregnant and during pregnancy will help to prevent or reduce the risk of many negative outcomes of pregnancy.

Since the cause is unknown, there is no assured way to prevent the problem.

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EXPECTED OUTCOME

When the separation is less severe and with immediate medical care, the outlook for mother and fetus is good.

The mother does not usually die from this condition. Maternal death rates in various parts of the world range from 0.5 to 5 percent. Early diagnosis of the condition and adequate treatment should decrease the maternal death rate even further. Fetal death rates range from 20 to 35 percent. Upon hospital admission, no fetal heart tone is detectable in about 15 percent of cases.

Fetal distress appears early in the condition in approximately 50 percent of cases. The infants who live have a 40 to 50 percent chance of complications, which range from mild to severe. Concealed vaginal bleeding in pregnancy, excessive loss of blood resulting in shock, absence of labor, a closed cervix, and delayed diagnosis and treatment may increase the risk of maternal or fetal death.

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POSSIBLE COMPLICATIONS

Shock or life-threatening bleeding in the mother.

Death of unborn child and mother.

Brain damage to the unborn child.

Of the site of placental attachment starts to hemorrhage after the delivery and loss of blood cannot be controlled by other means, a hysterectomy (removal of the uterus) may become necessary.

10 to 17 percent of patients have abruptio placentae in a future pregnancy.

TREATMENT

GENERAL MEASURES

Abruptio placentae is an emergency, but there is usually time to obtain advice by telephone and arrange safe transportation to the hospital. Panic is not helpful. If the placenta separation is slight, you may be able to return home for bed rest and close observation after examination.

Hospitalization required (except for mild cases). The mother will be carefully monitored for symptoms of shock and signs of fetal distress, which include abnormal heart rates.

Surgery to deliver the unborn child by cesarean section, or vaginal delivery (sometimes). If the fetus is very immature and there is only a small separation, the mother may be kept in the hospital for close observation and released after several days if the condition does not get worse. If the fetus is mature, vaginal delivery may be chosen if there is minimal distress to the mother and child. Otherwise, a cesarean section may be the preferred choice.

TESTS MAY INCLUDE:

Pelvic exam

CBC, may not decreased hematocrit or hemoglobin and platelets.

Prothrombin time test.

Partial thromboplastin time test.

Abdominal ultrasound.

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MEDICATION

Oxytocin, a drug to induce labor, may be used if immediate delivery is necessary.

Intravenous (IV) fluids may be necessary for fluid replacement.

Blood transfusion may be necessary to replace amount of blood loss.

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ACTIVITY

If you are able to remain at home, rest in bed until bleeding and other symptoms cease. Do not resume normal activities until specific instructions to do so are given to you.

Avoid sexual relations until otherwise instructed.

MoonDragon's Pregnancy Information: Bedrest Checklist

MoonDragon's Pregnancy Information: Bedrest, Coping With

MoonDragon's Pregnancy Information: Bedrest Exercise

MoonDragon's Pregnancy Information: Bedrest Family Tips

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DIET

If you are resting at home, continue with your regular prenatal dietary program. See MoonDragon's Nutrition Index for helpful dietary information for proper nutrition during pregnancy.

If hospitalized, a liquid-only diet may be prescribed until it is determined that surgery is not likely. Solid food may cause risk if emergency surgery becomes necessary.

MoonDragon's Nutrition Information Index
Recommendations for pregnancy, dietary guidelines, food guide, supplement information, recipes, therapy information.

NUTRITION AND POSITIVE PREGNANCY OUTCOMES

Nearly all pregnant women can benefit from nutritional and multivitamin supplementation one year before and all during pregnancy, and throughout labor, delivery, and breast-feeding. The effects of poor nutrition during pregnancy can be seen in the increase of birth defects during times of famine. But a standard Western diet (high in fats, salt, sugar, and low in complex carbohydrates) also lacks necessary essential vitamins and minerals needed during pregnancy and breast-feeding, leading to a "compromise in an offspring's health." The appropriate diet is well-balanced and varied, and includes fresh fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes, beans and fish, with a limit on refined sugars, processed foods, and saturated fats. Organically grown produce, meats, and poultry are preferable, or at least carefully washed produce to remove agricultural chemicals.

In an observational study involving 76 healthy pregnant women, 78 percent had "one or more glaring nutritional deficiency." Another study showed an "overall apparent protective effect of pen-conceptual multivitamin use" for prevention of certain pregnancy-related illnesses and birth defects. Of especial importance are folate (folic acid) and calcium intake, since the requirement for both of these substances (one a vitamin, the other a mineral) doubles during pregnancy.

"The fetus, the neonate, and the pregnant woman have an increased requirement for folic acid and vitamin B-12, and are more likely to suffer from a deficiency of these vitamins." Nutrients such as folic acid, vitamin B-6 and B-12 all have been correlated with prevention of the more common negative pregnancy outcomes, such as spontaneous abortion, placental abruption, pre-term delivery, low infant birth weight, and neural tube defects (e.g. spina bifida and anencephaly). Supplementation with calcium, the only mineral whose requirement doubles during pregnancy, has been positively correlated with prevention of pregnancy hypertension and preeclampsia, preterm delivery, and low birth weight, as well as puerperal psychosis (postpartum depression). Magnesium supplementation has also been shown in studies to reduce the complications of pregnancy and improve the health of the infant.

NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENTS

FOLIC ACID (VITAMIN B-9): Folate is the only vitamin, whose requirement doubles in pregnancy. Deficiencies of folic acid have been linked in studies to low birth weight infants and neural tube defects. According to one controlled study, women at high risk (having previously given birth to babies with neural tube defects) given folate supplementation, showed a 72 percent protective effect compared to the placebo group. In one study, a group of pregnant women given folate supplementation gave birth to infants with increased birth weight and Apgar scores, and had a decreased incidence of fetal growth retardation and maternal infections. Other studies also showed significant prevention with supplementation. Because of firmly-established connections between deficiencies of folic acid and low birth weight infants and neural tube defects, the US Public Health Service recommends that all women of childbearing age take daily folic acid supplementation to reduce their risk of congenital birth defects.

Dietary folic acid is a mixture of folates in the form of polyglutamates, which are readily destroyed by cooking. Higher levels of dietary folate intake has been shown in some cases to decrease the incidence of neural tube defects, but women hereditarily predisposed to such defects may need to take in more folic acid through supplements in order to reach optimal levels. Folic acid can be found in green leafy vegetables, nuts and whole grains, liver, watercress, parsley, and dandelion. With artificial supplementation, care must be taken, because large doses of folic acid have been associated with a decrease in zinc absorption, a mineral required for proper fetal growth and immunity, as well as maternal infection and abnormally slow fetal heart rate.

Folic Acid: 600 mcg per day, RDA
Nursing: 500 mcg per day
Food Sources: Green Leafy Vegetables, Nuts, Whole Grains, Liver, Watercress
Herb Sources: Parsley, Dandelion.

FOLIC ACID SUPPLEMENT PRODUCTS Folic Acid helps prevent birth defects and supports pregnancy. Folic acid is necessary precursor for the manufacture of genetic material like RNA and DNA. Folic acid also assists in the growth and repair of tissues and in the conversion of fats and amino acids into other useful products in the body. Kalyx: Folic Acid, Schiff, 400 mcg, 250 Tabs Kalyx: Folic Acid, FoodScience Labs, 800 mcg, 60 VCaps Kalyx: Folic Acid, Thompson, 800 mcg, 30 Tabs Kalyx: Folic Acid, TwinLab, 800 mcg, 100 Caps HerbsPro: Folic Acid, Country Life, 800 mcg, 100 Tabs HerbsPro: Folic Acid, Country Life, 800 mcg, 250 Tabs HerbsPro: Folic Acid, FoodScience of Vermont, 800 mcg, 60 Caps HerbsPro: Folic Acid, Jarrow Formulas, 800 mcg, 100 Caps HerbsPro: Folic Acid, Natures Way, 800 mcg, 100 Caps HerbsPro: Folic Acid, Thompson Nutritional Products, 800 mcg, 30 Tabs HerbsPro: Folic Acid, Now Foods, 800 mcg, 250 Tabs HerbsPro: Folic Acid, Olympian Labs, 800 mcg, 100 Caps HerbsPro: Folic Acid, Source Naturals, 800 mcg, 500 Tabs HerbsPro: Folic Acid, Source Naturals, 800 mcg, 1000 Tabs HerbsPro: Folic Acid, Source Naturals, 800 mcg, 200 Tabs HerbsPro: Folic Acid, TwinLab, 800 mcg, 100 Caps HerbsPro: Folic Acid, TwinLab, 800 mcg, 200 Caps HerbsPro: Active B-12 Di-Bencozide with Folic Acid Sublingual, Country Life, 3000 mcg, 30 Lozenges HerbsPro: Active B-12 Di-Bencozide with Folic Acid Sublingual, Country Life, 3000 mcg, 60 Lozenges HerbsPro: Vitamin B-12 with Folic Acid Sublingual, Country Life, 500 mcg, 100 Lozenges House of Nutrition: Folic Acid Liquid, Pathway, 100 mcg/drop, 4 oz. House of Nutrition: Folic Acid, Dr.'s Advantage, 8 oz. TakeHerb: Folic Acid, Nature Made, 400 mcg, 250 Tabs

PARSLEY PRODUCTS Mountain Rose Herbs: Parsley Leaf, Certified Organic, 4 oz. to 1 lb. Bulk Herbs Kalyx: Parsley Leaf Flakes, Certified Organic, Frontier Natural Brand Bulk Herbs, 1 lb. Kalyx: Parsley Leaf Flakes, Frontier Natural Brand Bulk Herbs, 1 lb. Kalyx: Parsley Leaf Powder, Frontier Natural Brand Bulk Herbs, 1 lb.

DANDELION PRODUCTS Mountain Rose Herbs: Dandelion Root, Powder & Roasted, Certified Organic, 4 oz. to 1 lb. Bulk Herbs Mountain Rose Herbs: Dandelion Leaf, Certified Organic, 4 oz. to 1 lb. TakeHerb: Dandelion Root, Healthier Gall Bladder, Nature's Way, 1620 mg, 180 VCaps TakeHerb: Dandelion Root, NOW Foods, 500 mg, 100 Caps TakeHerb: Organic Roasted Dandelion Root Tea, Traditional Medicinals, 16 Bags TakeHerb: Dandelion Leaf Tea, Organic, Celebration Herbals, 24 Bags TakeHerb: Dandelion Root Extract, Alcohol Free, Nature's Answer, 1 oz. Kalyx: Dandelion Root (Taraxacum officinale), 500 mg, 100 Caps Kalyx: Dandelion Root (Taraxacum officinale), 500 mg, 500 Caps Kalyx: Dandelion Root Powder, Certified Organic (Taraxacum officinale), 4 oz. Kalyx: Dandelion Leaf, Herbal Extracts Plus, 600 mg, 90 VCaps

KYO-GREEN PRODUCTS Supplies nutrients and chlorophyll needed for repair. Important in immune response. TakeHerb: Kyo-Green Tablets, Kyolic, 180 Tabs TakeHerb: Kyo-Green, No Maltodextrin, Wakunaga, 5.3 oz. TakeHerb: Kyo-Green, No Maltodextrin, Wakunaga, 10 oz. TakeHerb: Kyo-Green Harvest Blend Drink Mix, Wakunaga, 6 oz. TakeHerb: Kyo-Green Green Tea, Wakunaga, 1.7 oz.

GREEN PRODUCTS TakeHerb: Organic Wheat Grass, NOW Foods, 500 mg, 500 Tabs TakeHerb: Wheat Grass Juice Powder, Pines, 8 oz. TakeHerb: Wheat Grass Powder, Pines, 10 oz. Takeherb: Wheat Grass Powder, Pines, 3.5 oz. TakeHerb: Wheat Grass Powder, 24 oz. TakeHerb: Wheat Grass Extract, Health Herbs, TakeHerb: Ultimate Green, Nature's Secret, 300 Tabs TakeHerb: Kyo-Green, No Maltodextrin, Wakunaga, 2.8 oz. TakeHerb: Kyo-Green, No Maltodextrin, Wakunaga, 10 oz. TakeHerb: Progreens With Advanced Probiotic Formula, Nutricology, 180 Caps TakeHerb: Progreens Powder With Advanced Probiotic Formula, Nutricology, 145 gm TakeHerb: Progreens Powder With Advanced Probiotic, Nutricology, 265 gm Kalyx: Wheatgrass, Certified Organic, Starwest Botanicals, 500 mg, 500 Caps

NIACIN (NICOTINIC ACID - VITAMIN B-3): Niacin supplementation in the first trimester has been positively correlated in studies with higher birth weight, longer length, and newborn head circumference (all signs of healthier infants). Good food sources of niacin are wheat germ, fish, and garlic. Herbal sources are burdock root and seed, dandelion, alfalfa, and parsley.

Vitamin B-3 (Niacin): 17 mg per day, RDA
Nursing: 20 mg per day
Food Sources: Wheat Germ, Fish, Garlic
Herbal Sources: Alfalfa, Burdock Root & Seed, Dandelion, Parsley

NIACIN - VITAMIN B-3 PRODUCTS Niacin or Vitamin B-3, is necessary for normal breakdown of fats and fatty acid and the release of energy from carbohydrates. It is also an excellent vasodilator and may be useful in maintaining proper cholesterol levels. Nicotinamide adenine dinocleotide (NAD) is one of two main metabolically active forms of vitamin B-3. The other is NAD phosphate (NADP).. NAD is a prominent coenzyme in the brain, where it helps to generate the massive energy that the brain requires for its normal function. NAD is necessary for many stages of converting food into energy and in alcohol metabolism. In order for vitamins to be utilized by the body, they must first be converted into their active coenzyme form. This Coenzymated Sublingual B-3 goes directly into your bloodstream in its active form, ready to go to work immediately. This avoids the loss that may occur not only during digestion, but during the liver’s conversion process as well. HerbsPro: Coenzymated B-3 Sublingual, Nicotinamide Adenine Dicnucleotide, Source Naturals, 25 mg, 30 Tabs HerbsPro: Coenzymated B-3 Sublingual, Nicotinamide Adenine Dicnucleotide, Source Naturals, 25 mg, 60 Tabs HerbsPro: Niacin (Vitamin B-3), TwinLab, 500 mg, 100 Caps HerbsPro: Niacin (Vitamin B-3), TwinLab, 1000 mg, 100 Caps House of Nutrition: Niacin-50, Kal, 50 mg, 200 Tabs House of Nutrition: Niacin, Solaray, 100 mg, 100 Caps House of Nutrition: Flush-Free Niacin, Now Foods, 275 mg, 90 Caps House of Nutrition: Niacin, Time Released, Now Foods, 500 mg, 250 VTabs TakeHerb: Niacin, Flush Free, Now Foods, 250 mg, 180 Caps TakeHerb: Niacin, No Flush, Source Naturals, 500 mg, 60 Tabs TakeHerb: Niacin, No Flush, Life Extension, 800 mg, 100 Caps TakeHerb: Niacinamide, Natures Way, 500 mg, 100 Caps TakeHerb: Niacinamide, Solgar, 250 mg, 100 Tabs

OMEGA-RICH FISH OIL PRENATAL SUPPLEMENT Wholemega Prenatal is an omega-rich fish oil for mother and baby that contains nature's whole complement of seventeen omega – 3, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9’s. Omega 3, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9’s are fatty acids found in wild fish and often referred to as good fats. Omegas are present and play an important role in every human cell. Specifically, omega fatty acids serve to nourish brain, heart, eye, and kidney tissues. They have been shown to benefit cardiovascular, immune, and digestive health in addition to supporting a healthy metabolism and inflammation response. Wholemega Prenatal is a whole fish oil that delivers the natural profile of 17 omega fatty acids found in one of Nature's true superfoods: Wild Alaskan Salmon. In fact, taking the daily serving of Wholemega Prenatal fish oil for a week provides the same amount of whole omega fatty acids as three servings of Wild Alaskan Salmon. Wild salmon oil is a excellent source of whole DHA - which is important for fetal development of the brain and retina during pregnancy and through the first year of life. Emerging research also suggests that other omega fats, including EPA and AA, play an important role in delivering this critical DHA to the fetus and in promoting a healthy pregnancy. TakeHerb: Wholemega Prenatal Fish Oil, New Chapter, 500 mg, 90 Softgels Kalyx: Salmon Oil, American Health, 1000 mg, 120 Softgels TakeHerb: Wholemega Fish Oil, Derived From Extra Virgin Wild Alaskan Salmon Oil, New Chapter, 1000 mg, 180 Softgels TakeHerb: Wholemega Fish Oil, Derived From Extra Virgin Wild Alaskan Salmon Oil, New Chapter, 1000 mg, 120 Softgels TakeHerb: Wholemega Fish Oil, Derived From Extra Virgin Wild Alaskan Salmon Oil, New Chapter, 1000 mg, 30 Softgels TakeHerb: Wholemega Fish Oil, Derived From Extra Virgin Wild Alaskan Salmon Oil, New Chapter, 500 mg, 180 Softgels TakeHerb: Wholemega Fish Oil, Derived From Extra Virgin Wild Alaskan Salmon Oil, New Chapter, 500 mg, 90 Softgels TakeHerb: Wholemega Prenatal Fish Oil, 3 Servings of Wild Alaskan Salmon, New Chapter, 500 mg, 90 Softgels TakeHerb: Alaskan Salmon Oil, Citrus, Healthy Brain & Heart, Nordic Naturals, 8 oz. TakeHerb: Alaskan Salmon Oil, Citrus, Healthy Brain & Heart, Nordic Naturals, 90 Softgels HerbsPro: Salmon Oil, NOW Foods, 1000 mg, 250 Softgels WHEAT GERM PRODUCTS Kalyx: Wheat Germ, Natural, Raw, Bobs Red Mill, 4 Packages, 16 oz. per package Amazon: Bobs Red Mill Wheat Germ, 1 Package, 16 oz.

ALFALFA SUPPLEMENTS & PRODUCTS Mountain Rose Herbs: Alfalfa Leaf, Powder & Sprouting Seed, Certified Organic, 4 oz. to 1 lb. Bulk Herbs Kalyx: Alfalfa, Thompson Nutritional, 500 mg, 180 Tabs Kalyx: Alfalfa Sprouting Seed, Certified Organic, Starwest Botanicals, 4 oz. Kalyx: Alfalfa Mint Herbal Tea Blend, Certified Organic, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb. Kalyx: Alfalfa Leaf, Cut & Sifted, Certified Organic, Frontier Herbs, 1 lb. Kalyx: Alfalfa Juice Extract Powder, 50% Protein, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb. HerbsPro: Alfalfa Leaf, Organic, Cut & Sifted, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb. HerbsPro: Alfalfa Leaf Powder, Organic, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb. HerbsPro: Alfalfa Leaf Tea, Alvita Teas, 30 Bags HerbsPro: Alfalco Alfalfa Tonic, Boericke & Tafel, 8 fl oz. HerbsPro: Alfalfa, Organic, Natures Answer, Alcohol Free, 1 fl. oz. HerbsPro: Alfalfa Extract, Eclectic Institute, 2 fl. oz. HerbsPro: Alfalfa Extract, Herb Pharm, 4 fl. oz. TakeHerb: Alfafa, Single Herb, Dr. Christophers Original Formulas, 100 Caps TakeHerb: Alfalfa Herb, NOW Foods, 10 Grain, 250 Tabs TakeHerb: Alfalfa Powder, NOW Foods, 1 lb

DANDELION PRODUCTS Mountain Rose Herbs: Dandelion Root, Powder & Roasted, Certified Organic, 4 oz. to 1 lb. Bulk Herbs Mountain Rose Herbs: Dandelion Leaf, Certified Organic, 4 oz. to 1 lb. Kalyx: Dandelion Root (Taraxacum officinale), 500 mg, 100 Caps Kalyx: Dandelion Root (Taraxacum officinale), 500 mg, 500 Caps Kalyx: Dandelion Root Powder, Certified Organic (Taraxacum officinale), 4 oz. Kalyx: Dandelion Leaf, Herbal Extracts Plus, 600 mg, 90 VCaps TakeHerb: Dandelion Leaf Tea Organic, Celebration Herbals, 24 Bags TakeHerb: Dandelion Root Tea, Alvita Teas, 30 Bags TakeHerb: Dandelion Extract, Eclectic Herb, 2 fl. oz. TakeHerb: Dandelion Root Powder, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb TakeHerb: Organic Roasted Dandelion Root Tea, Traditional Medicinals, 16 Bags TakeHerb: Dandelion Root Extract, Alcohol Free, Nature's Answer, 1 oz. TakeHerb: Dandelion Root, Healthier Gall Bladder, Nature's Way, 1620 mg, 180 VCaps TakeHerb: Dandelion Root, NOW Foods, 500 mg, 100 Caps

PARSLEY PRODUCTS Mountain Rose Herbs: Parsley Leaf, Certified Organic, 4 oz. to 1 lb. Bulk Herbs Kalyx: Parsley Leaf Flakes, Certified Organic, Frontier Natural Brand Bulk Herbs, 1 lb. Kalyx: Parsley Leaf Flakes, Frontier Natural Brand Bulk Herbs, 1 lb. Kalyx: Parsley Leaf Powder, Frontier Natural Brand Bulk Herbs, 1 lb.

GARLIC PRODUCTS Mountain Rose Herbs: Garlic Powder, Granules & Minced, Certified Organic, 4 oz. to 1 lb. TakeHerb: Kyolic Aged Garlic Liquid Extract, Formula 100, Wakunaga, 4 fl. oz. TakeHerb: Kyolic Aged Garlic, Formula 100, High Potency, Wakunaga, 600 mg, 200 Caps TakeHerb: Kyolic Aged Garlic Extract, Formula 100, Wakunaga, 100 VCaps TakeHerb: Kyolic One Per Day, Wakunaga, 60 Caplets. TakeHerb: Garlic Gold, Olympian Lab, 600 mg (7200 mcg Allicin), 250 Caplets TakeHerb: Quintessence Pure Garlic, Natrol, 1000 mg, 250 Caps TakeHerb: Garlic Oil, Cholesterol Level Support, Good'n Natural, 5000 mg, 100 Softgels TakeHerb: Garlic, Odorless, NOW Foods, 2500 mg, 250 Softgels. TakeHerb: ConcenTrace Trace Mineral Drops, Trace Minerals, 1/2 oz. TakeHerb: ConcenTrace Trace Mineral Drops, Trace Minerals, 8 oz.. Kalyx: Garlic Juice Powder, 1 kg (2.2 lbs) Kalyx: Garlic Extract (Allium sativum), 2 fl. oz. Kalyx: Garlic Extract (Allium sativum), 8 fl. oz. GARLIC OIL SUPPLEMENT House of Nutrition: Oil of Garlic Extract, Dr. Christopher's, 2 fl. oz. House of Nutrition: Garlic Oil, NOW Foods, 1500 mg, 250 Softgels HerbsPro: Garlic Oil, Eclectic Institute, 1 oz. Kalyx: Garlic Oil, Health & Herbs, 2 fl. oz. Kalyx: Garlic Oil, Health & Herbs, 8 fl. oz. Kalyx: Super Garlic Oil, Schiff, 260 Grains, 100 Softgels HerbsPro: Garlic Oil, NOW Foods, 1500 mg, 250 Softgels Garlic oil is often used to soothe the ear and as an antibiotic but most often used as a food and herb for cardiovascular health and also to lower serum cholesterol and blood pressure and to improve circulation as well as possibly inhibiting the growth of ulcer causing bacteria.

BURDOCK ROOT & SEEDS PRODUCTS Kalyx: Burdock Blend (Root & Seed) Extract, Herb Pharm, 1 fl. oz. Kalyx: Burdock Root Powder, Certified Organic, Starwest Botanicals, 4 oz. HerbsPro: Burdock Root Tea, Alvita Teas, 24 Bags HerbsPro: Burdock Blend (Root & Seed) Extract, Herb Pharm, 4 fl. oz. HerbsPro: Burdock Root, Now Foods, 430 mg, 100 Caps House of Nutrition: Burdock Blend (Root & Seed), Herb Pharm, 8 fl. oz. House of Nutrition: Burdock Root, Natures Way, 425 mg, 100 Caps TakeHerb: Burdock Root Powder (Arctium lappa), Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb. TakeHerb: Burdock Root (Arctium lappa), Cut & Sifted, Organic, Starwest Botanicals, 4 oz. TakeHerb: Burdock Root Tea, Organic, Celebration Herbals, 24 Tea bags TakeHerb: Burdock Root, Organic, Starwest Botanicals, 500 mg, 100 Caps

THIAMINE (VITAMIN B-1): Direct correlation has been shown between supplementation of thiamine early in pregnancy and higher infant birth weight and size, and thiamine depletion is common during pregnancy; supplementation is recommended. Food sources are green peas, bell peppers, and sunflower seeds. Herbal sources include dandelion, alfalfa, red clover, fenugreek, raspberry leaf, and seaweeds.

Vitamin B-1 (Thiamine): 1.5 mg per day, RDA
Nursing: 1.6 mg per day
Food Sources: Bell Peppers, Green Peas, Sunflower Seeds
Herbal Sources: Alfalfa, Dandelion, Fenugreek, Raspberry Leaf, Red Clover, Seaweeds

MoonDragon's Nutrition Basics: Vitamin B-1 (Thiamine / Thiamin)

THIAMIN / THIAMINE / VITAMIN B-1 PRODUCTS HerbsPro: Vitamin B-1 (Thiamin), Source Naturals, 100 mg, 250 Tabs HerbsPro: Vitamin B-1 (Thiamin), TwinLab, 500 mg, 100 Caps < House of Nutrition: Vitamin B-1 (Thiamin), Sustained Release, Nature Plus, 300 mg, 90 Tabs House of Nutrition: Coenzymated Vitamin B-1 Sublingual, Source Naturals, 25 mg, 60 Tabs TakeHerb: Vitamin B-1 (Thiamin), Watson Rugby, 50 mg, 100 Tabs

ALFALFA SUPPLEMENTS & PRODUCTS Mountain Rose Herbs: Alfalfa Leaf, Powder & Sprouting Seed, Certified Organic, 4 oz. to 1 lb. Bulk Herbs Kalyx: Alfalfa, Thompson Nutritional, 500 mg, 180 Tabs Kalyx: Alfalfa Sprouting Seed, Certified Organic, Starwest Botanicals, 4 oz. Kalyx: Alfalfa Mint Herbal Tea Blend, Certified Organic, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb. Kalyx: Alfalfa Leaf, Cut & Sifted, Certified Organic, Frontier Herbs, 1 lb. Kalyx: Alfalfa Juice Extract Powder, 50% Protein, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb. HerbsPro: Alfalfa Leaf, Organic, Cut & Sifted, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb. HerbsPro: Alfalfa Leaf Powder, Organic, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb. HerbsPro: Alfalfa Leaf Tea, Alvita Teas, 30 Bags HerbsPro: Alfalco Alfalfa Tonic, Boericke & Tafel, 8 fl oz. HerbsPro: Alfalfa, Organic, Natures Answer, Alcohol Free, 1 fl. oz. HerbsPro: Alfalfa Extract, Eclectic Institute, 2 fl. oz. HerbsPro: Alfalfa Extract, Herb Pharm, 4 fl. oz. TakeHerb: Alfafa, Single Herb, Dr. Christophers Original Formulas, 100 Caps TakeHerb: Alfalfa Herb, NOW Foods, 10 Grain, 250 Tabs TakeHerb: Alfalfa Powder, NOW Foods, 1 lb

DANDELION PRODUCTS Mountain Rose Herbs: Dandelion Root, Powder & Roasted, Certified Organic, 4 oz. to 1 lb. Bulk Herbs Mountain Rose Herbs: Dandelion Leaf, Certified Organic, 4 oz. to 1 lb. Kalyx: Dandelion Root (Taraxacum officinale), 500 mg, 100 Caps Kalyx: Dandelion Root (Taraxacum officinale), 500 mg, 500 Caps Kalyx: Dandelion Root Powder, Certified Organic (Taraxacum officinale), 4 oz. Kalyx: Dandelion Leaf, Herbal Extracts Plus, 600 mg, 90 VCaps TakeHerb: Dandelion Leaf Tea Organic, Celebration Herbals, 24 Bags TakeHerb: Dandelion Root Tea, Alvita Teas, 30 Bags TakeHerb: Dandelion Extract, Eclectic Herb, 2 fl. oz. TakeHerb: Dandelion Root Powder, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb TakeHerb: Organic Roasted Dandelion Root Tea, Traditional Medicinals, 16 Bags TakeHerb: Dandelion Root Extract, Alcohol Free, Nature's Answer, 1 oz. TakeHerb: Dandelion Root, Healthier Gall Bladder, Nature's Way, 1620 mg, 180 VCaps TakeHerb: Dandelion Root, NOW Foods, 500 mg, 100 Caps

FENUGREEK PRODUCTS Mountain Rose Herbs: Fenugreek, Certified Organic, 4 oz. to 1 lb. Bulk Herbs HerbsPro: Fenugreek Seed Extract, Nature's Answer, 2 fl. oz. HerbsPro: Fenugreek Seed, Organic, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb HerbsPro: Fenugreek Seeds, Thompson Nutritional Products, 620 mg, 60 Caps HerbsPro: Fenugreek Single Herb, Dr. Christophers Formulas, 100 Vegicaps HerbsPro: Fenugreek Seed Tea, Alvita Teas, 30 Bags HerbsPro: Fenugreek Seed, Organic, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb TakeHerb: Fenugreek Seed Powder, Organic, Starwest Botanicals, 3 oz. TakeHerb: Fenugreek Seed Powder, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb

RED RASPBERRY LEAF PRODUCTS Raspberry Leaf tea has been used for centuries as a folk medicine to treat canker sores, cold sores, and gingivitis in persons of all ages and anemia, leg cramps, diarrhea, and morning sickness in pregnant women, and as a uterine relaxant. Commentators frequently state that recent scientific research found no benefit in raspberry tea for expectant mothers, but this is not correct. The study published in the Journal of Midwifery and Women's Health in 2001 found that women who drank raspberry leaf tea had shorter labor, and fewer of their babies were delivered by forceps. The other study, published in the Australian College of Midwives Journal, cited in The Natural Pharmacist as saying there was "no" benefit to the herb for pregnant women, actually stated:"The findings also suggest ingestion of the drug might decrease the likelihood of pre and post-term gestation. An unexpected finding in this study seems to indicate that women who ingest raspberry leaf might be less likely to receive an artificial rupture of their membranes, or require a caesarean section, forceps or vacuum birth than the women in the control group." In other words, scientific studies show that drinking raspberry tea actually is beneficial during pregnancy. Mountain Rose Herbs: Red Raspberry Leaf, Bulk Organic Herbs Kalyx: Red Raspberry Leaf, Cut & Sifted, Certified Organic, Frontier Herbs, 1 lb. Kalyx: Red Raspberry Leaf Powder, Certified Organic, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb. Kalyx: Red Raspberry Leaf Tea, Traditional Medicinals, 16 Tea Bags Kalyx: Pregnancy Tea, Traditional Medicinals, 16 Tea Bags HerbsPro: Red Raspberry Leaf, Natures Answer, 950 mg, 90 Caps HerbsPro: Red Raspberry Leaf Tea, Alvita Teas, 24 Bags HerbsPro: Organic Raspberry Leaf Tea, Traditional Medicinals, 16 Bags HerbsPro: Woman's Raspberry Leaf Tea, Yogi Teas, 16 Bags HerbsPro: Red Raspberry Leaf Extract, Organic, Alcohol Free, 1 fl. oz. House of Nutrition: Red Raspberry Leaf, Natures Way, 350 mg, 100 Caps House of Nutrition: Red Raspberry Leaf Extract, Nature's Answer, Alcohol Free, 1 fl. oz. House of Nutrition: Red Raspberry Leaf Extract, Gaia Herb, 2 fl. oz. TakeHerb: Red Raspberry Leaf Extract, Alcohol Free, Nature's Answer, 1 fl. oz. TakeHerb: Red Raspberry Leaf, Organic, Starwest Botanicals, 450 mg, 500 Caps

RED CLOVER PRODUCTS Mountain Rose Herbs: Red Clover Blossoms, Herb, Seeds, Certified Organic, Bulk Organic Herbs Kalyx: Red Clover Blossoms & Herb, Natures Way, 430 mg, 100 Caps Kalyx: Red Clover Blossom Whole (Trifolium pratense), Certified Organic, Frontier Bulk Herbs, 1 lb. Kalyx: Red Clover Blossom Powder (Trifolium pratense), Certified Organic, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb. DELICIOUS RED CLOVER TEA Red Clover Blossoms Lemon Honey Fresh Mint Leaves & Dandelion Leaves Put the fresh or dried blossoms and leaves, with or without the mint and dandelion, into a 2-cup earthenware teapot. Fill teapot with boiling water, cover, and infuse for 5 to 10 minutes over very low heat. Strain into a hot cup, add a twist of lemon and sweeten with honey. HerbsPro: Red Clover Tea, Alvita Teas, 30 Tea Bags HerbsPro: Red Clover Leaf Extract, Eternal Woman, Source Naturals, 500 mg, 60 Tabs HerbsPro: Red Clover Combination, Natures Way, 100 Cap HerbsPro: Red Clover Extract, Eclectic Institute, 1 fl. oz. HerbsPro: Red Clover Extract, Eclectic Institute, 2 fl. oz. HerbsPro: Red Clover Extract, Herb Pharm, 4 fl. oz. House of Nutition: Red Clover (Trifolium pratense) Extract, Herb Pharm, 8 fl. oz. TakeHerb: Red Clover Blossoms Powder, Organic, Trifolium Pratense, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb. TakeHerb: Red Clover Blossoms Whole, Organic, Trifolium Pratense, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb.

KELP-SEAWEED PRODUCTS HerbsPro: Kelp Powder, Organic, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb. HerbsPro: Norwegian Kelp, Country Life, 225 mcg, 300 Tabs House of Nutrition: Atlantic Kelp, Natures Life, 6 oz. TakeHerb: Kelp Extract, Health Herbs, 2 fl. oz. TakeHerb: Kelp Powder, Norweigian, Now Foods, 8 oz. TakeHerb: Kelp, Natures Way, Natural Iodine Source, 660 mg, 100 Caps/a>

RIBOFLAVIN (VITAMIN B-2): Studies show that riboflavin depletion is common during pregnancy (up to 40 percent less at term than non-pregnant women and men), so riboflavin supplementation is recommended to prevent metabolic disturbances. Good sources of riboflavin are watercress and brown rice. Herbal sources include rose hips, parsley, saffron, dandelion, dulse, kelp, and fenugreek.

Vitamin B-2 (Riboflavin): 1.6 mg per day, RDA
Nursing: 1.8 mg per day
Food Sources: Watercress, Brown Rice.
Herbal Sources: Rose Hips, Parsley, Saffron, Dandelion, Dulse or Kelp, Fenugreek

MoonDragon's Nutrition Basics: Vitamin B-2 (Riboflavin)

VITAMIN B-2 (RIBOFLAVIN) PRODUCTS HerbsPro: Coenzymated B-2 Sublingual, Source Naturals, 25 mg, 60 Tabs HerbsPro: Vitamin B-2, Source Naturals, 100 mg, 250 Tabs House of Nutrition: Vitamin B-2, Natures Plus, Time-Release, 250 mg, 60 Tabs House of Nutrition: Vitamin B-2, Bio-Tech, 400 mg, 100 Caps TakeHerb: Vitamin B-2, Riboflavin, Solgar, 50 mg, 100 Tabs

ROSE HIPS PRODUCTS Mountain Rose Herbs: Rose Hips & Powder, Certified Organic, Bulk Herbs Kalyx: Rosehips (Rose Hips) Powder, Herbal Extracts Plus, 1 lb. Kalyx: Rose Hips Extract (Rosa canina), Herbs & Herbs, 2 fl. oz. Kalyx: Rose Hips Extract (Rosa canina), Herbs & Herbs, 8 fl. oz. Kalyx: Rosehips (Rose Hips), Herbal Extracts Plus, 600 mg, 90 VCaps HerbsPro: Organic Rosehips, Cut & Sifted, Seedless, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb. HerbsPro: Rosehips Extract, Eclectic Institute, 2 fl. oz. HerbsPro: Vitamin C-1500 With Rosehips, Time Released, Source Naturals, 1500 mg, 250 Tabs TakeHerb: Rosehips, Whole, Wildcrafted Rosa Canina, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb. TakeHerb: Rosehips Powder, Wildcrafted Rosa Canina, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb. TakeHerb: Rosehips Tea, Organic, Caffeine Free, Starwest Botanicals, Approx. 170 Tea Bags, 1 lb. TakeHerb: Rose Hips Tea, Alvita Teas, 30 Tea Bags TakeHerb: Liquid C With Rose Hips, Good'n Natural, 300 mg / Teaspoonful, 4 fl. oz.

PARSLEY PRODUCTS Mountain Rose Herbs: Parsley Leaf, Certified Organic, 4 oz. to 1 lb. Bulk Herbs Kalyx: Parsley Leaf Flakes, Certified Organic, Frontier Natural Brand Bulk Herbs, 1 lb. Kalyx: Parsley Leaf Flakes, Frontier Natural Brand Bulk Herbs, 1 lb. Kalyx: Parsley Leaf Powder, Frontier Natural Brand Bulk Herbs, 1 lb.

SAFFRON PRODUCTS Mountain Rose Herbs: Saffron, Whole Stigma, Certified Organic, Bulk Herbs Kalyx: Saffron (Crocus sativus), Starwest Botanicals, 1/4 oz. Kalyx: Saffron (Crocus sativus) Extract, Health & Herbs, 2 fl. oz. TakeHerb: Saffron, Spanish, Frontier, 0.5 oz. TakeHerb: Saffron (Crocus sativus), Starwest Botanicals, 1/4 oz.

DANDELION PRODUCTS Mountain Rose Herbs: Dandelion Root, Powder & Roasted, Certified Organic, 4 oz. to 1 lb. Bulk Herbs Mountain Rose Herbs: Dandelion Leaf, Certified Organic, 4 oz. to 1 lb. Kalyx: Dandelion Root (Taraxacum officinale), 500 mg, 100 Caps Kalyx: Dandelion Root (Taraxacum officinale), 500 mg, 500 Caps Kalyx: Dandelion Root Powder, Certified Organic (Taraxacum officinale), 4 oz. Kalyx: Dandelion Leaf, Herbal Extracts Plus, 600 mg, 90 VCaps TakeHerb: Dandelion Leaf Tea Organic, Celebration Herbals, 24 Bags TakeHerb: Dandelion Root Tea, Alvita Teas, 30 Bags TakeHerb: Dandelion Extract, Eclectic Herb, 2 fl. oz. TakeHerb: Dandelion Root Powder, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb TakeHerb: Organic Roasted Dandelion Root Tea, Traditional Medicinals, 16 Bags TakeHerb: Dandelion Root Extract, Alcohol Free, Nature's Answer, 1 oz. TakeHerb: Dandelion Root, Healthier Gall Bladder, Nature's Way, 1620 mg, 180 VCaps TakeHerb: Dandelion Root, NOW Foods, 500 mg, 100 Caps

KELP-SEAWEED PRODUCTS HerbsPro: Kelp Powder, Organic, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb. HerbsPro: Norwegian Kelp, Country Life, 225 mcg, 300 Tabs House of Nutrition: Atlantic Kelp, Natures Life, 6 oz. TakeHerb: Kelp Extract, Health Herbs, 2 fl. oz. TakeHerb: Kelp Powder, Norweigian, Now Foods, 8 oz. TakeHerb: Kelp, Natures Way, Natural Iodine Source, 660 mg, 100 Caps/a>

FENUGREEK PRODUCTS Mountain Rose Herbs: Fenugreek, Certified Organic, 4 oz. to 1 lb. Bulk Herbs HerbsPro: Fenugreek Seed Extract, Nature's Answer, 2 fl. oz. HerbsPro: Fenugreek Seed, Organic, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb HerbsPro: Fenugreek Seeds, Thompson Nutritional Products, 620 mg, 60 Caps HerbsPro: Fenugreek Single Herb, Dr. Christophers Formulas, 100 Vegicaps HerbsPro: Fenugreek Seed Tea, Alvita Teas, 30 Bags HerbsPro: Fenugreek Seed, Organic, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb TakeHerb: Fenugreek Seed Powder, Organic, Starwest Botanicals, 3 oz. TakeHerb: Fenugreek Seed Powder, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb

VITAMIN B-6 (PYRIDOXINE): Vitamin B-6 is "marginally deficient" in about 50 percent of pregnant women. Supplementation has been linked to relief of nausea and morning sickness, especially in extreme cases that include vomiting. In one experimental study, 75 percent of women taking Vitamin B-6 experienced complete relief from symptoms of morning sickness. Higher doses were used for treatment of first trimester morning sickness (25 to 200 mg 3 times daily), but are not recommended before delivery, as higher doses may shut off breast milk in nursing mothers, or cause the baby withdrawal seizures if commercial formula is given that does not include enough pyridoxine (B-6). However, when given during labor, Vitamin B-6 may prevent many postnatal adaptation problems by increasing the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood.

Local application of B-6 as a lozenge provided protection from dental cavities, which are more common during pregnancy. Supplementation may also prevent toxemia of pregnancy (preeclampsia). Food sources are wheat germ, egg yolks, peas and carrots. Pyridoxine is found in all whole grains.

Vitamin B-6 (Pyridoxine): 2.2 mg per day, RDA
Nursing: 2.1 mg per day
Food Sources: Whole Grains, Wheat Germ, Egg Yolks, Peas, Carrots

MoonDragon's Nutrition Basics: Vitamin B-6 (Pyridoxine)

VITAMIN B-6 PRODUCTS Vitamin B-6 (Pyridoxine) is converted in the body to the main coenzyme responsible for amino acid and protein metabolism. Kalyx: Vitamin B-6, Thompson, 100 mg, 60 Tabs HerbsPro: Vitamin B-6, Source Naturals, 50 mg, 250 Tabs HerbsPro: Vitamin B-6, Source Naturals, 100 mg, 250 Tabs HerbsPro: Vitamin B-6, Source Naturals, Timed Release, 500 mg, 100 Tabs House of Nutrition: Vitamin B-6, Natures Life, 200 mg, 100 Tabs House of Nutrition: Vitamin B-6, Vital Nutrient, 250 mg, 100 Caps TakeHerb: Vitamin B-6, NOW Foods, 50 mg, 100 Tabs TakeHerb: Vitamin B-6, Nature's Way, 100 mg, 100 Caps TakeHerb: Vitamin B-6, NOW Foods, 100 mg, 250 Caps

WHEAT GERM PRODUCTS Kalyx: Wheat Germ, Natural, Raw, Bobs Red Mill, 4 Packages, 16 oz. per package Amazon: Bobs Red Mill Wheat Germ, 1 Package, 16 oz.

VITAMIN B-12: The coenzyme form of vitamin B-12 is a very complex molecule containing cobalt, designated in humans as cobalamin, which is required for proper homocysteine metabolism. At least 12 different inherited inborn errors of metabolism related to cobalamin are known; low plasma vitamin B-12 levels have been shown to be an independent risk factor for neural tube defect in one study. Supplementation is recommended and may also help in prevention of anemia. Food sources are cauliflower and broccoli. Herbal sources are alfalfa, comfrey, miso, seaweeds, and catnip.

Vitamin B-12 (Cobalamin): 2.2 mcg per day, RDA
Nursing: 2.6 mcg per day
Food Sources: Cauliflower, Broccoli, Miso
Herbal Sources: Alfalfa, Catnip, Comfrey, Seaweed

MoonDragon's Nutrition Basics: Vitamin B-12 (Cobalamin)

VITAMIN B-12 - COBALAMIN SUPPLEMENTS & PRODUCTS TakeHerb: Vitamin B-Complex B-12 Sublingual Liquid, Good'n Natural, Promotes Energy Metabolism, 2 oz. TakeHerb: Vitamin B-12 Liquid B-Complex, NOW Foods, 2 oz. TakeHerb: Vitamin B-12 Liquid B-Complex, NOW Foods, 8 oz. TakeHerb: Sublingual Liquid B-12 With B-Complex, 2000 mcg, Solgar, 2 oz. TakeHerb: Vegan Sublingual B-12, Deva Nutrition, 90 Tabs TakeHerb: Ultra Vitamin B-12, NOW Foods, 4 fl. oz. HerbsPro: Vitamin B-12 Sublingual, Source Naturals, 2000 mcg, 100 Tabs HerbsPro: Vitamin B-12 Gummy Chewables, Raspberry Flavor, Nutrition Now, 100 Count HerbsPro: Vitamin B-12 Lozenges, Nature's Way, 2000 mcg, 100 Lozenges HerbsPro: Vitamin B-12 with Folic Acid Sublingual, Natural Cherry, Country Life, 500 mcg, 100 Lozenges

ALFALFA SUPPLEMENTS & PRODUCTS Mountain Rose Herbs: Alfalfa Leaf, Powder & Sprouting Seed, Certified Organic, 4 oz. to 1 lb. Bulk Herbs Kalyx: Alfalfa, Thompson Nutritional, 500 mg, 180 Tabs Kalyx: Alfalfa Sprouting Seed, Certified Organic, Starwest Botanicals, 4 oz. Kalyx: Alfalfa Mint Herbal Tea Blend, Certified Organic, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb. Kalyx: Alfalfa Leaf, Cut & Sifted, Certified Organic, Frontier Herbs, 1 lb. Kalyx: Alfalfa Juice Extract Powder, 50% Protein, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb. HerbsPro: Alfalfa Leaf, Organic, Cut & Sifted, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb. HerbsPro: Alfalfa Leaf Powder, Organic, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb. HerbsPro: Alfalfa Leaf Tea, Alvita Teas, 30 Bags HerbsPro: Alfalco Alfalfa Tonic, Boericke & Tafel, 8 fl oz. HerbsPro: Alfalfa, Organic, Natures Answer, Alcohol Free, 1 fl. oz. HerbsPro: Alfalfa Extract, Eclectic Institute, 2 fl. oz. HerbsPro: Alfalfa Extract, Herb Pharm, 4 fl. oz. TakeHerb: Alfafa, Single Herb, Dr. Christophers Original Formulas, 100 Caps TakeHerb: Alfalfa Herb, NOW Foods, 10 Grain, 250 Tabs TakeHerb: Alfalfa Powder, NOW Foods, 1 lb

CATNIP PRODUCTS Mountain Rose Herbs, Catnip Leaf & Flower, Certified Organic, 4 oz to 1 lb. Kalyx: Catnip Leaf & Flower, Cut & Sifted, Frontier Bulk Herbs, 1 lb. HerbsPro: Catnip Leaf & Flower, Organic, Cut & Sifted, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb. HerbPro: Catnip Tea, Alvita Teas, 30 Bags HerbsPro: Catnip Extract, Herb Pharm, 1 fl. oz. TakeHerb: Catnip Essential Oil, Health Herbs, 2 fl. oz. TakeHerb: Catnip Extract, Health Herbs, 2 fl. oz. TakeHerb: Catnip Leaf Powder (Nepeta cataria), Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb. TakeHerb: Catnip Leaf Organic, Cut & Sifted, Nepeta cataria, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb. TakeHerb: Catnip Leaf & Flower, Organic, Cut & Sifted, Frontier, 1 lb. TakeHerb: Catnip Herb, Organic, Natures Way, 760 mg, 100 Caps

COMFREY PRODUCTS Mountain Rose Herbs: Comfrey Leaf, Certified Organic, 4 oz. to 1 lb. Bulk Herbs Kalyx: Comfrey Leaf, Cut & Sifted, Certified Organic, Frontier Natural Brand Bulk Herbs, 1 lb. Kalyx: Comfrey Leaf, Cut & Sifted, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb. Kalyx: Comfrey Leaf Powder, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb. Kalyx: Comfrey Leaf Powder, Certified Organic, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb.

KELP-SEAWEED PRODUCTS HerbsPro: Kelp Powder, Organic, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb. HerbsPro: Norwegian Kelp, Country Life, 225 mcg, 300 Tabs House of Nutrition: Atlantic Kelp, Natures Life, 6 oz. TakeHerb: Kelp Extract, Health Herbs, 2 fl. oz. TakeHerb: Kelp Powder, Norweigian, Now Foods, 8 oz. TakeHerb: Kelp, Natures Way, Natural Iodine Source, 660 mg, 100 Caps/a>

VITAMIN A: Daily doses of 40,000 units or more of vitamin A during pregnancy may be toxic, while doses lower than 10,000 units appear to be safe. A study of 22,000 pregnant women, those who consumed more than 15,000 units of vitamin A per day from food and supplements, or 10,000 units as a supplement, showed a significant increase in birth defects associated with cranialneural-crest tissue (several-fold higher incidents of birth defects). Most of these women consumed the vitamin A before the seventh week of pregnancy. Rat studies show a possible link to folic acid metabolism. Elevated levels of vitamin A in the blood have also been correlated with low birth weights.

Preterm infants have been shown to be deficient in vitamin A, which may predispose them to development of chronic lung disease. Healthy pregnant women who developed pre-eclampsia were shown to be deficient in vitamin A (but not Beta-Carotene). Pre-eclampsia is a potentially dangerous condition characterized by high blood pressure, swelling, and /or protein spilling into the urine. Supplementation with no more than 6,000 units of vitamin A is recommended. Do not exceed 10,000 IU daily during pregnancy. Beta-carotene, which has the same positive effects as vitamin A, has not been associated with toxicity or teratogenicity in humans or animals.

Plant sources of the non-toxic "provitamin A" beta carotene are organic fruits and vegetables, especially yellow and orange ones; for example, one sweet potato or one cup of carrot juice contains 25,000 IU of beta carotene.

Vitamin A: more than 6,000 IU daily is not recommended. Do not exceed 10,000 IU daily from all supplement sources.
Beta Carotene: 10,000 IU
Food Sources: Yellow and Orange Fruits and Vegetables
Herbal Sources: Alfalfa, Cayenne, Comfrey, Dandelion, Elderberries, Lamb's Quarters, Seaweed

MoonDragon's Nutrition Basics: Vitamin A

VITAMIN A PRODUCTS House of Nutrition: Vitamin A, Nature's Life, 10,000 IU, 100 Softgels House of Nutrition: Vitamin A, Nature's Life, 10,000 IU, 250 Softgels House of Nutrition: Vitamin A, Nature's LIfe, 25,000 IU, 100 Softgels House of Nutrition: Vitamin A & D-3, BlueBonnet, 25,000 I.U. / 1000 I.U., 100Softgels House of Nutrition: Vitamin A Suppositories, Wise Woman Herbal, 10 Count House of Nutrition: Vitamin A Suppositories, Wise Woman Herbal, 30 Count House of Nutrition: Solaray's Emulsified Dry Vitamin A, 25,000 IU, 60 Caps House of Nutrition: Thompson's Nutritional Vitamin A & D Fish Liver Oil, 10,000 IU / 400 IU, 30 Softgels House of Nutrition: Vitamin A Palmitate, Carlson Lab, 15,000 IU, 120 Gels House of Nutrition: Vitamin A, BlueBonnet, 1000 IU, 100 Softgels TakeHerb: Vitamin A, NOW Foods, 10,000 IU, 100 Softgels TakeHerb: Vitamin A, Nature's Way, 10,000 IU, 100 Softgels Kalyx: Vitamin A & D, TwinLab Allergy D, 10,000 IU / 400 IU, 100 Caps

CAROTENOID PRODUCTS TakeHerb: Advanced Carotenoid Complex, Solgar, 60 Softgels TakeHerb: LycoPom, New Chapter, 60 VCaps TakeHerb: NAT Beta Carotene, NOW Foods, 25,000 IU, 180 Softgels TakeHerb: Oceanic Beta Carotene, Solgar, 25,000 IU, 180 Softgels Kalyx: Beta Carotene, Thompson Nutritional, 25,000 IU, 30 Softgels Kalyx: Beta Carotene, Schiff, 25,000 IU, 90 Softgels Kalyx: Beta Carotene, FoodScience Laboratories, 25,000 IU, 180 Softgels Kalyx: Beta Carotene, Thompson Nutritional, 25,000 IU, 30 Softgels HerbsPro: Carotenoid Complex, Country Life, 60 Softgels House of Nutrition: Biochem Phyto-Nutrient Carotenoid Complex, Country Life, 60 Softgels House of Nutrition: Carotenoid Complex, Pharmax, 60 Caps

ALFALFA SUPPLEMENTS & PRODUCTS Mountain Rose Herbs: Alfalfa Leaf, Powder & Sprouting Seed, Certified Organic, 4 oz. to 1 lb. Bulk Herbs Kalyx: Alfalfa, Thompson Nutritional, 500 mg, 180 Tabs Kalyx: Alfalfa Sprouting Seed, Certified Organic, Starwest Botanicals, 4 oz. Kalyx: Alfalfa Mint Herbal Tea Blend, Certified Organic, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb. Kalyx: Alfalfa Leaf, Cut & Sifted, Certified Organic, Frontier Herbs, 1 lb. Kalyx: Alfalfa Juice Extract Powder, 50% Protein, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb. HerbsPro: Alfalfa Leaf, Organic, Cut & Sifted, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb. HerbsPro: Alfalfa Leaf Powder, Organic, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb. HerbsPro: Alfalfa Leaf Tea, Alvita Teas, 30 Bags HerbsPro: Alfalco Alfalfa Tonic, Boericke & Tafel, 8 fl oz. HerbsPro: Alfalfa, Organic, Natures Answer, Alcohol Free, 1 fl. oz. HerbsPro: Alfalfa Extract, Eclectic Institute, 2 fl. oz. HerbsPro: Alfalfa Extract, Herb Pharm, 4 fl. oz. TakeHerb: Alfafa, Single Herb, Dr. Christophers Original Formulas, 100 Caps TakeHerb: Alfalfa Herb, NOW Foods, 10 Grain, 250 Tabs TakeHerb: Alfalfa Powder, NOW Foods, 1 lb

CAYENNE PRODUCTS Mountain Rose Herbs: Cayenne, Organic Bulk Herbs Kalyx: Cayenne, Thompson Nutritional, 515 mg, 60 Caps Kalyx: Cayenne Pepper (Capsicum annum), Nature's Herbs, 1,350 mg (40,000 STU), 100 Caps Kalyx: Cayenne Pepper, Nature's Answer, 450 mg (0.25% Capsaicin), 90 Caps Kalyx: Cayenne Chili Powder, Herbal Extracts Plus, 600 mg (90,000 HU), 90 VCaps Kalyx: Cayenne Chili Pepper (Capsicum) 10:1, Herbal Extracts Plus, 90 VCaps Kalyx: Red Cayenne Chili Pepper Powder (160,000 HU), Starwest Botanicals, Certified Organic, 1 lb Kalyx: Red Cayenne Chili Pepper Powder (90,000 HU), Frontier Spices, Certified Organic, 1 lb Kalyx: Red Cayenne Chili Pepper Powder (30,000 HU), Frontier Spices, Certified Organic, 1 lb Kalyx: Cayenne Pepper Extract (Capsicum annum), Starwest Botanicals, 1 fl. oz. Kalyx: Cayenne Extract (Capsicum annum), Health & Herbs, 2 fl. oz. Kalyx: Cayenne Pepper Extract (Capsicum annum), Starwest Botanical, 4 fl. oz. Kalyx: Cayenne Extract (Capsicum annum), Health & Herbs, 8 fl. oz. TakeHerb: Cayenne, Extra Hot (100,000 HU), Nature's Way, 450 mg, 100 Caps TakeHerb: Cayenne, NOW Foods, 500 mg, 250 Caps TakeHerb: CapsiCool Controlled Heat, Stomach Gentle, Nature's Way, 390 mg, 100 Caps TakeHerb: Cayenne Oil, Health Herbs, 2 oz. TakeHerb: Cayenne Ointment, Deep Heating Balm, Dr. Christopher's Original Formulas, 2 oz. HerbPro: Cayenne Capsicum Tincture, Nature's Answer, 2 fl. oz.

COMFREY PRODUCTS Mountain Rose Herbs: Comfrey Leaf, Certified Organic, 4 oz. to 1 lb. Bulk Herbs Kalyx: Comfrey Leaf, Cut & Sifted, Certified Organic, Frontier Natural Brand Bulk Herbs, 1 lb. Kalyx: Comfrey Leaf, Cut & Sifted, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb. Kalyx: Comfrey Leaf Powder, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb. Kalyx: Comfrey Leaf Powder, Certified Organic, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb.

DANDELION PRODUCTS Mountain Rose Herbs: Dandelion Root, Powder & Roasted, Certified Organic, 4 oz. to 1 lb. Bulk Herbs Mountain Rose Herbs: Dandelion Leaf, Certified Organic, 4 oz. to 1 lb. Kalyx: Dandelion Root (Taraxacum officinale), 500 mg, 100 Caps Kalyx: Dandelion Root (Taraxacum officinale), 500 mg, 500 Caps Kalyx: Dandelion Root Powder, Certified Organic (Taraxacum officinale), 4 oz. Kalyx: Dandelion Leaf, Herbal Extracts Plus, 600 mg, 90 VCaps TakeHerb: Dandelion Leaf Tea Organic, Celebration Herbals, 24 Bags TakeHerb: Dandelion Root Tea, Alvita Teas, 30 Bags TakeHerb: Dandelion Extract, Eclectic Herb, 2 fl. oz. TakeHerb: Dandelion Root Powder, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb TakeHerb: Organic Roasted Dandelion Root Tea, Traditional Medicinals, 16 Bags TakeHerb: Dandelion Root Extract, Alcohol Free, Nature's Answer, 1 oz. TakeHerb: Dandelion Root, Healthier Gall Bladder, Nature's Way, 1620 mg, 180 VCaps TakeHerb: Dandelion Root, NOW Foods, 500 mg, 100 Caps

ELDERBERRY PRODUCTS Elderberry (Sambucus nigra) is a multipurpose fruit used widely throughout Europe. As a centuries old tradition, it has been used by herbalists as a tonic to maintain health and well-being. More recently, Elderberry has been recognized for its high nutritive value. Elderberry provides vitamins A and C, as well as anthocyanins, which are potent free radical scavengers. Elderberry extract is a uniquely concentrated, 100 percent pure extract providing enhanced levels of anthocyanins, the specialized group of flavanoids responsible for elderberry's immune system support. One of the most prized elderberry flavonoids is the compound quercetin. Studies have shown that the antioxidant properties of anthocyanins found in elderberry extract maintain healthy immune function and promote the strength and integrity of vascular walls. Mountain Rose Herbs: Elderberries, Certified Organic, Bulk Herbs HerbsPro: Elderberry Extract, Alcohol Free, Natures Answer, 4 fl oz. House of Nutrition: Elderberry Concentrate, Natural Fresh Whole Fruit, Natural Sources, 16 fl. oz. House of Nutrition: Elderberry Drink Concentrate, Flora Sambu, 17 fl. oz. House of Nutrition: Elderberry Liquid 10:1 Concentrate, Now Foods, 8 fl. oz. House of Nutrition: Elderberry Extract, Pure Encap, 700 mg, 120 VCaps House of Nutrition: Full Spectrum Elderberry Fluid Extract, Planetary Formulas, 8 fl. oz. TakeHerb: Elderberry Extract, Dynamic Health, 100% Natural Black Elderberry Juice Concentrate, 8 fl. oz.

KELP-SEAWEED PRODUCTS HerbsPro: Kelp Powder, Organic, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb. HerbsPro: Norwegian Kelp, Country Life, 225 mcg, 300 Tabs House of Nutrition: Atlantic Kelp, Natures Life, 6 oz. TakeHerb: Kelp Extract, Health Herbs, 2 fl. oz. TakeHerb: Kelp Powder, Norweigian, Now Foods, 8 oz. TakeHerb: Kelp, Natures Way, Natural Iodine Source, 660 mg, 100 Caps/a>

VITAMIN C: Vitamin C plays a vital role in the formation of collagen - a major protein found in connective tissue, cartilage, and bone, and is "chronically underdosed." It is essential to the nerves, healthy gums and teeth, and prevents infection. Although one study showed that women who took 5000 mg of vitamin C daily during pregnancy delivered healthy infants who developed scurvy (preg-rel. 528), this "rebound scurvy" is very rare, and the infant recovers quickly without treatment. supplementation with vitamin C may be as effective as calcium for leg cramps during pregnancy. food sources of vitamin C are fruits (particularly citrus), green chilies, tomatoes, honey, cabbage, cucumbers, prunes. Herbal sources include elderberries, rose hips, parsley, dandelion greens, nettles, alfalfa, and cayenne.

Vitamin C: 70 mg per day, RDA
Nursing: 95 mg per day
Food Sources: Cabbage, Cucumbers, Fruits (especially Citrus), Green Chilies, Honey, Tomatoes Herbal Sources: Alfalfa, Cayenne, Dandelion Greens, Elderberries, Nettles, Parsley, Rose Hips

MoonDragon's Nutrition Basics: Vitamin C

VITAMIN C PRODUCTS Vitamin C with Rosehips offers a rich whole plant source of vitamin C which provides antioxidant protection useful in treating infections, bruising, colds & flu, sinusitis, sore throats, blood clots, atherosclerosis, high blood pressure, physical and mental stress, immune function, cholesterol levels, liver toxicity and assists in collagen formation. Vitamin C with Bioflavonoids provides antioxidant protection for many of the body's important enzyme systems. Kalyx: Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) Powder, Pure, Nutricology, 1000 mg, 120 Grams Kalyx: Vitamin C, Pure, Nutricology, 1000 mg, 100 Caps Kalyx: HerbaLozenges Orange C, Zand, 125 mg, 15 Per Bag Kalyx: Gummy Vitamin C Slices, Rainbow Light, 30 Single Serve Packets Kalyx: Fruit Snacks, 100% Vitamin C, Farley's & Sathers Candy Co., 5 lbs. Kalyx: Ester- C Powder With Citrus Bioflavonoids, American Health, 8 oz. Kalyx: Ester-C Liquid, American Health, 8 fl. oz. Kalyx: Ester-C Advanced Antioxidant Formula, American Health, 90 Vegetarian Tabs Kalyx: Ester-C Chewable Wafers, American Health, 250 mg, 125 Wafers HerbsPro: Ester-C With Citrus Bioflavonoids, American Health, 1000 mg, 180 VTabs House of Nutrition: Vitamin C-1000 With Bioflavonoids, Natures Way, 1000 mg, 250 VCaps House of Nutrition: Ester-C Powder With Citrus Bioflavonoids (Vegeterian), American Health, 8 oz. TakeHerb: Ascorbic Acid Powder (Vitamin C), NOW Foods, 3 lbs. TakeHerb: Ascorbate C Powder, TwinLab, 2000 mg, 8 oz. TakeHerb: Liquid C With Rose Hips, Good'n Natural, 300 mg, 4 oz. TakeHerb: Alive! Organic Vitamin C Powder, Made With Organic Fruit, Nature's Way, 120 grams TakeHerb: Vitamin C-500 Complex With Bioflavonoids, Acerola & RoseHips, NOW Foods, 100 Tabs

ALFALFA SUPPLEMENTS & PRODUCTS Mountain Rose Herbs: Alfalfa Leaf, Powder & Sprouting Seed, Certified Organic, 4 oz. to 1 lb. Bulk Herbs Kalyx: Alfalfa, Thompson Nutritional, 500 mg, 180 Tabs Kalyx: Alfalfa Sprouting Seed, Certified Organic, Starwest Botanicals, 4 oz. Kalyx: Alfalfa Mint Herbal Tea Blend, Certified Organic, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb. Kalyx: Alfalfa Leaf, Cut & Sifted, Certified Organic, Frontier Herbs, 1 lb. Kalyx: Alfalfa Juice Extract Powder, 50% Protein, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb. HerbsPro: Alfalfa Leaf, Organic, Cut & Sifted, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb. HerbsPro: Alfalfa Leaf Powder, Organic, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb. HerbsPro: Alfalfa Leaf Tea, Alvita Teas, 30 Bags HerbsPro: Alfalco Alfalfa Tonic, Boericke & Tafel, 8 fl oz. HerbsPro: Alfalfa, Organic, Natures Answer, Alcohol Free, 1 fl. oz. HerbsPro: Alfalfa Extract, Eclectic Institute, 2 fl. oz. HerbsPro: Alfalfa Extract, Herb Pharm, 4 fl. oz. TakeHerb: Alfafa, Single Herb, Dr. Christophers Original Formulas, 100 Caps TakeHerb: Alfalfa Herb, NOW Foods, 10 Grain, 250 Tabs TakeHerb: Alfalfa Powder, NOW Foods, 1 lb

CAYENNE PRODUCTS Mountain Rose Herbs: Cayenne, Organic Bulk Herbs Kalyx: Cayenne, Thompson Nutritional, 515 mg, 60 Caps Kalyx: Cayenne Pepper (Capsicum annum), Nature's Herbs, 1,350 mg (40,000 STU), 100 Caps Kalyx: Cayenne Pepper, Nature's Answer, 450 mg (0.25% Capsaicin), 90 Caps Kalyx: Cayenne Chili Powder, Herbal Extracts Plus, 600 mg (90,000 HU), 90 VCaps Kalyx: Cayenne Chili Pepper (Capsicum) 10:1, Herbal Extracts Plus, 90 VCaps Kalyx: Red Cayenne Chili Pepper Powder (160,000 HU), Starwest Botanicals, Certified Organic, 1 lb Kalyx: Red Cayenne Chili Pepper Powder (90,000 HU), Frontier Spices, Certified Organic, 1 lb Kalyx: Red Cayenne Chili Pepper Powder (30,000 HU), Frontier Spices, Certified Organic, 1 lb Kalyx: Cayenne Pepper Extract (Capsicum annum), Starwest Botanicals, 1 fl. oz. Kalyx: Cayenne Extract (Capsicum annum), Health & Herbs, 2 fl. oz. Kalyx: Cayenne Pepper Extract (Capsicum annum), Starwest Botanical, 4 fl. oz. Kalyx: Cayenne Extract (Capsicum annum), Health & Herbs, 8 fl. oz. TakeHerb: Cayenne, Extra Hot (100,000 HU), Nature's Way, 450 mg, 100 Caps TakeHerb: Cayenne, NOW Foods, 500 mg, 250 Caps TakeHerb: CapsiCool Controlled Heat, Stomach Gentle, Nature's Way, 390 mg, 100 Caps TakeHerb: Cayenne Oil, Health Herbs, 2 oz. TakeHerb: Cayenne Ointment, Deep Heating Balm, Dr. Christopher's Original Formulas, 2 oz. HerbPro: Cayenne Capsicum Tincture, Nature's Answer, 2 fl. oz.

DANDELION PRODUCTS Mountain Rose Herbs: Dandelion Root, Powder & Roasted, Certified Organic, 4 oz. to 1 lb. Bulk Herbs Mountain Rose Herbs: Dandelion Leaf, Certified Organic, 4 oz. to 1 lb. Kalyx: Dandelion Root (Taraxacum officinale), 500 mg, 100 Caps Kalyx: Dandelion Root (Taraxacum officinale), 500 mg, 500 Caps Kalyx: Dandelion Root Powder, Certified Organic (Taraxacum officinale), 4 oz. Kalyx: Dandelion Leaf, Herbal Extracts Plus, 600 mg, 90 VCaps TakeHerb: Dandelion Leaf Tea Organic, Celebration Herbals, 24 Bags TakeHerb: Dandelion Root Tea, Alvita Teas, 30 Bags TakeHerb: Dandelion Extract, Eclectic Herb, 2 fl. oz. TakeHerb: Dandelion Root Powder, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb TakeHerb: Organic Roasted Dandelion Root Tea, Traditional Medicinals, 16 Bags TakeHerb: Dandelion Root Extract, Alcohol Free, Nature's Answer, 1 oz. TakeHerb: Dandelion Root, Healthier Gall Bladder, Nature's Way, 1620 mg, 180 VCaps TakeHerb: Dandelion Root, NOW Foods, 500 mg, 100 Caps

ELDERBERRY PRODUCTS Elderberry (Sambucus nigra) is a multipurpose fruit used widely throughout Europe. As a centuries old tradition, it has been used by herbalists as a tonic to maintain health and well-being. More recently, Elderberry has been recognized for its high nutritive value. Elderberry provides vitamins A and C, as well as anthocyanins, which are potent free radical scavengers. Elderberry extract is a uniquely concentrated, 100 percent pure extract providing enhanced levels of anthocyanins, the specialized group of flavanoids responsible for elderberry's immune system support. One of the most prized elderberry flavonoids is the compound quercetin. Studies have shown that the antioxidant properties of anthocyanins found in elderberry extract maintain healthy immune function and promote the strength and integrity of vascular walls. Mountain Rose Herbs: Elderberries, Certified Organic, Bulk Herbs HerbsPro: Elderberry Extract, Alcohol Free, Natures Answer, 4 fl oz. House of Nutrition: Elderberry Concentrate, Natural Fresh Whole Fruit, Natural Sources, 16 fl. oz. House of Nutrition: Elderberry Drink Concentrate, Flora Sambu, 17 fl. oz. House of Nutrition: Elderberry Liquid 10:1 Concentrate, Now Foods, 8 fl. oz. House of Nutrition: Elderberry Extract, Pure Encap, 700 mg, 120 VCaps House of Nutrition: Full Spectrum Elderberry Fluid Extract, Planetary Formulas, 8 fl. oz. TakeHerb: Elderberry Extract, Dynamic Health, 100% Natural Black Elderberry Juice Concentrate, 8 fl. oz.

GREEN PRODUCTS TakeHerb: Organic Wheat Grass, NOW Foods, 500 mg, 500 Tabs TakeHerb: Wheat Grass Juice Powder, Pines, 8 oz. TakeHerb: Wheat Grass Powder, Pines, 10 oz. Takeherb: Wheat Grass Powder, Pines, 3.5 oz. TakeHerb: Wheat Grass Powder, 24 oz. TakeHerb: Wheat Grass Extract, Health Herbs, TakeHerb: Ultimate Green, Nature's Secret, 300 Tabs TakeHerb: Kyo-Green, No Maltodextrin, Wakunaga, 2.8 oz. TakeHerb: Kyo-Green, No Maltodextrin, Wakunaga, 10 oz. TakeHerb: Progreens With Advanced Probiotic Formula, Nutricology, 180 Caps TakeHerb: Progreens Powder With Advanced Probiotic Formula, Nutricology, 145 gm TakeHerb: Progreens Powder With Advanced Probiotic, Nutricology, 265 gm Kalyx: Wheatgrass, Certified Organic, Starwest Botanicals, 500 mg, 500 Caps

NETTLE SUPPLEMENTS & PRODUCTS Mountain Rose Herbs: Nettle Leaf, Certified Organic, Bulk Herbs Mountain Rose Herbs: Nettle Leaf Powder, Certified Organic, Bulk Herbs Mountain Rose Herbs: Nettle Root, Certified Organic, Bulk Herbs Mountain Rose Herbs: Nettle Root Powder, Certified Organic, Bulk Herbs Kalyx: Nettle Leaf (Urtica dioica), Cut & Sifted, Organic, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb. Kalyx: Nettle Leaf (Urtica dioica), Cut & Sifted, Organic, Frontier Bulk Herbs, 1 lb. Kalyx: Nettle Leaf Powder (Urtica dioica), Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb. Kalyx: Nettle Root (Urtica dioica), Cut & Sifted, Organic, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb. Kalyx: Nettle Root (Urtica dioica), Cut & Sifted, Organic, Frontier Bulk Herbs, 1 lb. Kalyx: Nettle Root Powder (Urtica dioica), Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb. Kalyx: Nettle Root Power, Natures Herbs, 60 Caps HerbsPro: Nettle Leaf Tea, Alvita, 24 Tea Bags HerbsPro: Organic Nettle Leaf Tea, Traditional Medicinals Tea, 16 Bags HerbsPro: Nettle Blend Extract, Herb Pharm, 1 fl. oz. HerbsPro: Nettle Glycerite Extract, Alcohol Free, Herb Pharm, 1 fl. oz. HerbsPro: Nettle Blend Extract, Herb Pharm, 4 fl. oz. HerbsPro: Nettle Glycerite Extract, Alcohol Free, Herb Pharm, 4 fl. oz. HerbsPro: Stinging Nettle Leaf, Enzymatic Therapy, 600 mg, 90 Caps HerbsPro: Nettle Root Extract, Now Foods, 250 mg, 90 VCaps HerbsPro: Nettle Root Power, Natures Herbs, 60 Caps House of Nutrition: Nettle Blend Extract (Urtica dioica), Herb Pharm, 8 fl. oz. House of Nutrition: Nettle Leaves, Solaray, 450 mg, 180 Caps House of Nutrition: Nettle Herb, Natures Way, 870 mg, 100Caps TakeHerb: Nettles, Freeze Dried, Allergen Exposure Support, Oregon's Wild Harvest, 90 VCaps TakeHerb: Nettles Leaf, Cut & Sifted, Wildcrafted, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb.

PARSLEY PRODUCTS Mountain Rose Herbs: Parsley Leaf, Certified Organic, 4 oz. to 1 lb. Bulk Herbs Kalyx: Parsley Leaf Flakes, Certified Organic, Frontier Natural Brand Bulk Herbs, 1 lb. Kalyx: Parsley Leaf Flakes, Frontier Natural Brand Bulk Herbs, 1 lb. Kalyx: Parsley Leaf Powder, Frontier Natural Brand Bulk Herbs, 1 lb.

ROSE HIPS PRODUCTS Mountain Rose Herbs: Rose Hips & Powder, Certified Organic, Bulk Herbs Kalyx: Rosehips (Rose Hips) Powder, Herbal Extracts Plus, 1 lb. Kalyx: Rose Hips Extract (Rosa canina), Herbs & Herbs, 2 fl. oz. Kalyx: Rose Hips Extract (Rosa canina), Herbs & Herbs, 8 fl. oz. Kalyx: Rosehips (Rose Hips), Herbal Extracts Plus, 600 mg, 90 VCaps HerbsPro: Organic Rosehips, Cut & Sifted, Seedless, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb. HerbsPro: Rosehips Extract, Eclectic Institute, 2 fl. oz. HerbsPro: Vitamin C-1500 With Rosehips, Time Released, Source Naturals, 1500 mg, 250 Tabs TakeHerb: Rosehips, Whole, Wildcrafted Rosa Canina, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb. TakeHerb: Rosehips Powder, Wildcrafted Rosa Canina, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb. TakeHerb: Rosehips Tea, Organic, Caffeine Free, Starwest Botanicals, Approx. 170 Tea Bags, 1 lb. TakeHerb: Rose Hips Tea, Alvita Teas, 30 Tea Bags TakeHerb: Liquid C With Rose Hips, Good'n Natural, 300 mg / Teaspoonful, 4 fl. oz.

VITAMIN D: The absorption of vitamin D (as well as calcium, which vitamin D helps metabolize) is enhanced during pregnancy, and since vitamin D tends toward toxicity, supplementation should be "judicious," to prevent excessive amounts of it from spilling into the urine. Fish oil and sunshine are good sources of natural vitamin D, which benefits the development of good teeth and bones. Herbal sources of vitamin D are alfalfa and nettles; and, of course, sunshine!

Vitamin D: 10 mcg per day, RDA
Nursing: 10 mcg per day
Source: Sunshine
Food Sources: Fish
Herbal Sources: Alfalfa, a href="http://edge.affiliateshop.com/public/AIDLink?AID=028148&Redirect=/bulkherb/n.php">Nettles

MoonDragon's Nutrition Basics: Vitamin D

VITAMIN D PRODUCTS Kalyx: Vitamin D-3, Maximum Strength, Natrol, 10,000 IU, 60 Tabs Kalyx: Vitamin D-3, Lemon Flavored, Thompson, 2500 IU, 90 Chewable Tabs Kalyx: Vitamin D, Shiff, 2000 IU, 100 Tabs Kalyx: Vitamin D Gummy Vitamins For Adults, Nutrition Now, Blackberry, Peach & Strawberry, 2000 IU, 75 Count Kalyx: Vitamin D-3, Fast Dissolve Wild Cherry, Natrol, 2000 IU, 90 Mini Tabs Kalyx: Dry Vitamin D (Cholecalciferol), Solaray, For Fat-Restricted Diets, 1000 IU, 90 Tabs Kalyx: Vitamin D-3 Plus Fish Oil, Heart & Immune Support, Natrol, 1000 IU, 90 Softgels Kalyx: Vitamin D Gummy Slices, Slice of Life, Natural Lemon Flavor, 1000 IU, 60 Slices Kalyx: Vitamin D Sunny Gummies, Rainbow Light, Lemon Flavor, 1000 IU, 100 Count Kalyx: Vitamin D Yummi Bears, Hero Nutrition, 600 IU, 60 Count Kalyx: Vitamin D (Fish Liver Oil), Thompson, 400 IU, 30 Softgels Kalyx: Vitamin D (Cholecalciferol), Thompson, 400 IU, 30 Tabs Kalyx: Vitamin D (Fish Liver Oil), Thompson, 400 IU, 30 Softgels TakeHerb: Vitamin D-3, Life Extension, 5000 IU, 60 Caps TakeHerb: Vitamin D-3 Fast Acting Liquid, Good'n Natural, 5000 IU, 2 oz. TakeHerb: Vitamin D-3 Drops, Animal Parade, Nature's Plus, 200 IU, 10 ml

ALFALFA SUPPLEMENTS & PRODUCTS Mountain Rose Herbs: Alfalfa Leaf, Powder & Sprouting Seed, Certified Organic, 4 oz. to 1 lb. Bulk Herbs Kalyx: Alfalfa, Thompson Nutritional, 500 mg, 180 Tabs Kalyx: Alfalfa Sprouting Seed, Certified Organic, Starwest Botanicals, 4 oz. Kalyx: Alfalfa Mint Herbal Tea Blend, Certified Organic, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb. Kalyx: Alfalfa Leaf, Cut & Sifted, Certified Organic, Frontier Herbs, 1 lb. Kalyx: Alfalfa Juice Extract Powder, 50% Protein, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb. HerbsPro: Alfalfa Leaf, Organic, Cut & Sifted, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb. HerbsPro: Alfalfa Leaf Powder, Organic, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb. HerbsPro: Alfalfa Leaf Tea, Alvita Teas, 30 Bags HerbsPro: Alfalco Alfalfa Tonic, Boericke & Tafel, 8 fl oz. HerbsPro: Alfalfa, Organic, Natures Answer, Alcohol Free, 1 fl. oz. HerbsPro: Alfalfa Extract, Eclectic Institute, 2 fl. oz. HerbsPro: Alfalfa Extract, Herb Pharm, 4 fl. oz. TakeHerb: Alfafa, Single Herb, Dr. Christophers Original Formulas, 100 Caps TakeHerb: Alfalfa Herb, NOW Foods, 10 Grain, 250 Tabs TakeHerb: Alfalfa Powder, NOW Foods, 1 lb

NETTLE SUPPLEMENTS & PRODUCTS Mountain Rose Herbs: Nettle Leaf, Certified Organic, Bulk Herbs Mountain Rose Herbs: Nettle Leaf Powder, Certified Organic, Bulk Herbs Mountain Rose Herbs: Nettle Root, Certified Organic, Bulk Herbs Mountain Rose Herbs: Nettle Root Powder, Certified Organic, Bulk Herbs Kalyx: Nettle Leaf (Urtica dioica), Cut & Sifted, Organic, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb. Kalyx: Nettle Leaf (Urtica dioica), Cut & Sifted, Organic, Frontier Bulk Herbs, 1 lb. Kalyx: Nettle Leaf Powder (Urtica dioica), Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb. Kalyx: Nettle Root (Urtica dioica), Cut & Sifted, Organic, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb. Kalyx: Nettle Root (Urtica dioica), Cut & Sifted, Organic, Frontier Bulk Herbs, 1 lb. Kalyx: Nettle Root Powder (Urtica dioica), Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb. Kalyx: Nettle Root Power, Natures Herbs, 60 Caps HerbsPro: Nettle Leaf Tea, Alvita, 24 Tea Bags HerbsPro: Organic Nettle Leaf Tea, Traditional Medicinals Tea, 16 Bags HerbsPro: Nettle Blend Extract, Herb Pharm, 1 fl. oz. HerbsPro: Nettle Glycerite Extract, Alcohol Free, Herb Pharm, 1 fl. oz. HerbsPro: Nettle Blend Extract, Herb Pharm, 4 fl. oz. HerbsPro: Nettle Glycerite Extract, Alcohol Free, Herb Pharm, 4 fl. oz. HerbsPro: Stinging Nettle Leaf, Enzymatic Therapy, 600 mg, 90 Caps HerbsPro: Nettle Root Extract, Now Foods, 250 mg, 90 VCaps HerbsPro: Nettle Root Power, Natures Herbs, 60 Caps House of Nutrition: Nettle Blend Extract (Urtica dioica), Herb Pharm, 8 fl. oz. House of Nutrition: Nettle Leaves, Solaray, 450 mg, 180 Caps House of Nutrition: Nettle Herb, Natures Way, 870 mg, 100Caps TakeHerb: Nettles, Freeze Dried, Allergen Exposure Support, Oregon's Wild Harvest, 90 VCaps TakeHerb: Nettles Leaf, Cut & Sifted, Wildcrafted, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb.

VITAMIN E: Vitamin E status declines during pregnancy creating deficiencies, and fetal vitamin E levels are usually low. Lower plasma levels in the mother may be associated with increased risk of pre-eclampsia, as well as premature and low birth weight infants. (54) Supplementation has been shown to be effective in preventing habitual or chronic abortion. Good food sources are parsley, brown rice, and wheat germ. Herbal sources include alfalfa, rosehips, raspberry leaf, dandelion, seaweeds, and watercress (although watercress should be avoided in the first trimester).

Vitamin E: 10 mg per day, RDA
Nursing: 12 mg per day
Food Sources: Brown Rice, Parsley, Wheat Germ, Watercress
Herbal Sources: Alfalfa, Dandelion, Raspberry Leaf, Rosehips, Seaweed

MoonDragon's Nutrition Basics: Vitamin E

VITAMIN E PRODUCTS Mountain Rose Herbs: Vitamin E Oil, Mixed Tocopherols, GMO Free, Kosher Certified, 7500 IU per oz., 2 oz. to 1 gallon Kalyx: Vitamin E One Grand, Thompson Nutritional, 1000 IU, 30 Softgels TakeHerb: Natural Vitamin E Oil, Good'n Natural, 30000 IU, 2.5 oz. TakeHerb: Vitamin E, Good'n Natural, 1000 IU, 100 Softgels TakeHerb: Vitamin E, D-Alpha Tocopherol Acetate, NOW Foods, 600 IU, 100 Softgels TakeHerb: Natural Dry Vitamin E, Country Life, 400 IU, 100 Tabs TakeHerb: Vitamin E, Dry, 100% Natural, TwinLab, 400 IU, 100 Caps TakeHerb: Vitamin E, D-Alpha Tocopherol, Source Naturals, 400 IU, 250 Softgels TakeHerb: Vitamin E, Mixed Alpha Tocopherol, Solgar, 400 IU, 100 Softgels TakeHerb: Vitamin E, Natural With Mixed Tocopherols, Enzymatic Therapy, 400 IU, 100 Softgels TakeHerb: Vitamin E, D-Alpha Tocopherol, Source Naturals, 200 IU, 250 Softgels TakeHerb: Vitamin E, Mixed Tocopherols, Solgar, 200 IU, 250 Softgels TakeHerb: Vitamin E, Dry Alpha Tocopherol, Solgar, 200 IU, 100 VCaps TakeHerb: Vitamin E, D-Alpha Tocopherol Acetate, Natural, 21st Century, 200 IU, 110 Softgels TakeHerb: Vitamin E, Mixed Tocopherols, Solgar, 100 IU, 250 Softgels

PARSLEY PRODUCTS Mountain Rose Herbs: Parsley Leaf, Certified Organic, 4 oz. to 1 lb. Bulk Herbs Kalyx: Parsley Leaf Flakes, Certified Organic, Frontier Natural Brand Bulk Herbs, 1 lb. Kalyx: Parsley Leaf Flakes, Frontier Natural Brand Bulk Herbs, 1 lb. Kalyx: Parsley Leaf Powder, Frontier Natural Brand Bulk Herbs, 1 lb.

WHEAT GERM PRODUCTS Kalyx: Wheat Germ, Natural, Raw, Bobs Red Mill, 4 Packages, 16 oz. per package Amazon: Bobs Red Mill Wheat Germ, 1 Package, 16 oz.

ALFALFA SUPPLEMENTS & PRODUCTS Mountain Rose Herbs: Alfalfa Leaf, Powder & Sprouting Seed, Certified Organic, 4 oz. to 1 lb. Bulk Herbs Kalyx: Alfalfa, Thompson Nutritional, 500 mg, 180 Tabs Kalyx: Alfalfa Sprouting Seed, Certified Organic, Starwest Botanicals, 4 oz. Kalyx: Alfalfa Mint Herbal Tea Blend, Certified Organic, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb. Kalyx: Alfalfa Leaf, Cut & Sifted, Certified Organic, Frontier Herbs, 1 lb. Kalyx: Alfalfa Juice Extract Powder, 50% Protein, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb. HerbsPro: Alfalfa Leaf, Organic, Cut & Sifted, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb. HerbsPro: Alfalfa Leaf Powder, Organic, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb. HerbsPro: Alfalfa Leaf Tea, Alvita Teas, 30 Bags HerbsPro: Alfalco Alfalfa Tonic, Boericke & Tafel, 8 fl oz. HerbsPro: Alfalfa, Organic, Natures Answer, Alcohol Free, 1 fl. oz. HerbsPro: Alfalfa Extract, Eclectic Institute, 2 fl. oz. HerbsPro: Alfalfa Extract, Herb Pharm, 4 fl. oz. TakeHerb: Alfafa, Single Herb, Dr. Christophers Original Formulas, 100 Caps TakeHerb: Alfalfa Herb, NOW Foods, 10 Grain, 250 Tabs TakeHerb: Alfalfa Powder, NOW Foods, 1 lb

DANDELION PRODUCTS Mountain Rose Herbs: Dandelion Root, Powder & Roasted, Certified Organic, 4 oz. to 1 lb. Bulk Herbs Mountain Rose Herbs: Dandelion Leaf, Certified Organic, 4 oz. to 1 lb. Kalyx: Dandelion Root (Taraxacum officinale), 500 mg, 100 Caps Kalyx: Dandelion Root (Taraxacum officinale), 500 mg, 500 Caps Kalyx: Dandelion Root Powder, Certified Organic (Taraxacum officinale), 4 oz. Kalyx: Dandelion Leaf, Herbal Extracts Plus, 600 mg, 90 VCaps TakeHerb: Dandelion Leaf Tea Organic, Celebration Herbals, 24 Bags TakeHerb: Dandelion Root Tea, Alvita Teas, 30 Bags TakeHerb: Dandelion Extract, Eclectic Herb, 2 fl. oz. TakeHerb: Dandelion Root Powder, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb TakeHerb: Organic Roasted Dandelion Root Tea, Traditional Medicinals, 16 Bags TakeHerb: Dandelion Root Extract, Alcohol Free, Nature's Answer, 1 oz. TakeHerb: Dandelion Root, Healthier Gall Bladder, Nature's Way, 1620 mg, 180 VCaps TakeHerb: Dandelion Root, NOW Foods, 500 mg, 100 Caps

RED RASPBERRY LEAF SUPPLEMENTS & PRODUCTS Mountain Rose Herbs: Red Raspberry Leaf, Bulk Organic Herbs Kalyx: Red Raspberry Leaf, Cut & Sifted, Certified Organic, Frontier Herbs, 1 lb. Kalyx: Red Raspberry Leaf Powder, Certified Organic, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb. Kalyx: Red Raspberry Leaf Tea, Traditional Medicinals, 16 Tea Bags Kalyx: Pregnancy Tea, Traditional Medicinals, 16 Tea Bags HerbsPro: Red Raspberry Leaf, Natures Answer, 950 mg, 90 Caps HerbsPro: Red Raspberry Leaf Tea, Alvita Teas, 24 Bags HerbsPro: Organic Raspberry Leaf Tea, Traditional Medicinals, 16 Bags HerbsPro: Woman's Raspberry Leaf Tea, Yogi Teas, 16 Bags HerbsPro: Red Raspberry Leaf Extract, Organic, Alcohol Free, 1 fl. oz. House of Nutrition: Red Raspberry Leaf, Natures Way, 350 mg, 100 Caps House of Nutrition: Red Raspberry Leaf Extract, Nature's Answer, Alcohol Free, 1 fl. oz. House of Nutrition: Red Raspberry Leaf Extract, Gaia Herb, 2 fl. oz. TakeHerb: Red Raspberry Leaf Extract, Alcohol Free, Nature's Answer, 1 fl. oz. TakeHerb: Red Raspberry Leaf, Organic, Starwest Botanicals, 450 mg, 500 Caps

ROSE HIPS PRODUCTS Mountain Rose Herbs: Rose Hips & Powder, Certified Organic, Bulk Herbs Kalyx: Rosehips (Rose Hips) Powder, Herbal Extracts Plus, 1 lb. Kalyx: Rose Hips Extract (Rosa canina), Herbs & Herbs, 2 fl. oz. Kalyx: Rose Hips Extract (Rosa canina), Herbs & Herbs, 8 fl. oz. Kalyx: Rosehips (Rose Hips), Herbal Extracts Plus, 600 mg, 90 VCaps HerbsPro: Organic Rosehips, Cut & Sifted, Seedless, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb. HerbsPro: Rosehips Extract, Eclectic Institute, 2 fl. oz. HerbsPro: Vitamin C-1500 With Rosehips, Time Released, Source Naturals, 1500 mg, 250 Tabs TakeHerb: Rosehips, Whole, Wildcrafted Rosa Canina, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb. TakeHerb: Rosehips Powder, Wildcrafted Rosa Canina, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb. TakeHerb: Rosehips Tea, Organic, Caffeine Free, Starwest Botanicals, Approx. 170 Tea Bags, 1 lb. TakeHerb: Rose Hips Tea, Alvita Teas, 30 Tea Bags TakeHerb: Liquid C With Rose Hips, Good'n Natural, 300 mg / Teaspoonful, 4 fl. oz.

KELP-SEAWEED PRODUCTS HerbsPro: Kelp Powder, Organic, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb. HerbsPro: Norwegian Kelp, Country Life, 225 mcg, 300 Tabs House of Nutrition: Atlantic Kelp, Natures Life, 6 oz. TakeHerb: Kelp Extract, Health Herbs, 2 fl. oz. TakeHerb: Kelp Powder, Norweigian, Now Foods, 8 oz. TakeHerb: Kelp, Natures Way, Natural Iodine Source, 660 mg, 100 Caps/a>

VITAMIN K: Necessary for bone metabolism and to maintain healthy bones. Vitamin K (required by law in most states) is given to newborns in the hospital by injection in the foot immediately after birth, or a shot is given during labor, to prevent hemolytic disease in the newborn, characterized by anemia, jaundice, enlargement of the liver and spleen, and generalized edema. Naturopathic doctors recommend checking the pregnant mother's diet for vitamin K deficiency (to see if she is getting enough of the vitamin through her intake of squash and dark leafy vegetables), and adding oral supplementation of vitamin K in the last month of pregnancy, if needed, rather than automatically giving the shots, which have been shown in some studies to link with childhood cancer. Vitamin K helps support proper coagulation and blood clotting. The liver uses Vitamin K to synthesize blood-clotting proteins. Without Vitamin K, the level of the blood-clotting proteins drop, and clotting time is prolonged. Vitamin K cream is used to treat brusing and spider veins (capillaries viewed on the skin surface) helping them to fade. People using anticoagulant or blood thinning medications should consult with their health care provider before taking Vitamin K supplements.

Vitamin K (along with vitamin C) is effective in preventing the nausea and vomiting of early pregnancy, and may reduce the risk of intraventricular hemorrhage in premature infants. Some food sources are parsley and brown rice. Nettle or alfalfa leaf infusion or tea taken throughout the pregnancy will increase available vitamin K and hemoglobin in the blood; also helpful is kelp.

Vitamin K: 65 mcg per day, RDA
Nursing: 65 mcg per day
Food Sources: Parsley, Brown Rice
Herbal Sources: Alfalfa, Nettles

MoonDragon's Nutrition Basics: Vitamin K

KELP-SEAWEED PRODUCTS HerbsPro: Full Spectrum Vitamin K (Vitamin K-1, K-2), Nutricolorgy, 4050 mcg, 90 Softgels HerbsPro: Vitamin K, Source Naturals, 500 mcg, 200 Tabs HerbsPro: Vitamin K-2, Now Foods, 100 mcg, 100 VCaps HerbsPro: Vitamin K-1, Country Life, 100 mcg, 100 Tabs House of Nutrition: Vitamin D-3 & K-2, Now Foods, 1000 IU / 45 mcg, 120 VCaps House of Nutrition: Vitamin K, Kals, 200 mcg, 100 Tabs TakeHerb: Vitamin K, Natural, Solgar, 100 mcg, 250 Tabs TakeHerb: Vitamin K Cream, Treatment For Bruises, Reviva Labs, 1.5 oz.

PARSLEY PRODUCTS Mountain Rose Herbs: Parsley Leaf, Certified Organic, 4 oz. to 1 lb. Bulk Herbs Kalyx: Parsley Leaf Flakes, Certified Organic, Frontier Natural Brand Bulk Herbs, 1 lb. Kalyx: Parsley Leaf Flakes, Frontier Natural Brand Bulk Herbs, 1 lb. Kalyx: Parsley Leaf Powder, Frontier Natural Brand Bulk Herbs, 1 lb.

ALFALFA SUPPLEMENTS & PRODUCTS Mountain Rose Herbs: Alfalfa Leaf, Powder & Sprouting Seed, Certified Organic, 4 oz. to 1 lb. Bulk Herbs Kalyx: Alfalfa, Thompson Nutritional, 500 mg, 180 Tabs Kalyx: Alfalfa Sprouting Seed, Certified Organic, Starwest Botanicals, 4 oz. Kalyx: Alfalfa Mint Herbal Tea Blend, Certified Organic, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb. Kalyx: Alfalfa Leaf, Cut & Sifted, Certified Organic, Frontier Herbs, 1 lb. Kalyx: Alfalfa Juice Extract Powder, 50% Protein, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb. HerbsPro: Alfalfa Leaf, Organic, Cut & Sifted, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb. HerbsPro: Alfalfa Leaf Powder, Organic, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb. HerbsPro: Alfalfa Leaf Tea, Alvita Teas, 30 Bags HerbsPro: Alfalco Alfalfa Tonic, Boericke & Tafel, 8 fl oz. HerbsPro: Alfalfa, Organic, Natures Answer, Alcohol Free, 1 fl. oz. HerbsPro: Alfalfa Extract, Eclectic Institute, 2 fl. oz. HerbsPro: Alfalfa Extract, Herb Pharm, 4 fl. oz. TakeHerb: Alfafa, Single Herb, Dr. Christophers Original Formulas, 100 Caps TakeHerb: Alfalfa Herb, NOW Foods, 10 Grain, 250 Tabs TakeHerb: Alfalfa Powder, NOW Foods, 1 lb

NETTLE SUPPLEMENTS & PRODUCTS Mountain Rose Herbs: Nettle Leaf, Certified Organic, Bulk Herbs Mountain Rose Herbs: Nettle Leaf Powder, Certified Organic, Bulk Herbs Mountain Rose Herbs: Nettle Root, Certified Organic, Bulk Herbs Mountain Rose Herbs: Nettle Root Powder, Certified Organic, Bulk Herbs Kalyx: Nettle Leaf (Urtica dioica), Cut & Sifted, Organic, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb. Kalyx: Nettle Leaf (Urtica dioica), Cut & Sifted, Organic, Frontier Bulk Herbs, 1 lb. Kalyx: Nettle Leaf Powder (Urtica dioica), Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb. Kalyx: Nettle Root (Urtica dioica), Cut & Sifted, Organic, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb. Kalyx: Nettle Root (Urtica dioica), Cut & Sifted, Organic, Frontier Bulk Herbs, 1 lb. Kalyx: Nettle Root Powder (Urtica dioica), Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb. Kalyx: Nettle Root Power, Natures Herbs, 60 Caps HerbsPro: Nettle Leaf Tea, Alvita, 24 Tea Bags HerbsPro: Organic Nettle Leaf Tea, Traditional Medicinals Tea, 16 Bags HerbsPro: Nettle Blend Extract, Herb Pharm, 1 fl. oz. HerbsPro: Nettle Glycerite Extract, Alcohol Free, Herb Pharm, 1 fl. oz. HerbsPro: Nettle Blend Extract, Herb Pharm, 4 fl. oz. HerbsPro: Nettle Glycerite Extract, Alcohol Free, Herb Pharm, 4 fl. oz. HerbsPro: Stinging Nettle Leaf, Enzymatic Therapy, 600 mg, 90 Caps HerbsPro: Nettle Root Extract, Now Foods, 250 mg, 90 VCaps HerbsPro: Nettle Root Power, Natures Herbs, 60 Caps House of Nutrition: Nettle Blend Extract (Urtica dioica), Herb Pharm, 8 fl. oz. House of Nutrition: Nettle Leaves, Solaray, 450 mg, 180 Caps House of Nutrition: Nettle Herb, Natures Way, 870 mg, 100Caps TakeHerb: Nettles, Freeze Dried, Allergen Exposure Support, Oregon's Wild Harvest, 90 VCaps TakeHerb: Nettles Leaf, Cut & Sifted, Wildcrafted, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb.

CALCIUM: Calcium is the only mineral whose requirement doubles during pregnancy. Low dietary intake is associated with pre-eclampsia, a potentially dangerous (but preventable) condition characterized by high blood pressure (hypertension), swelling, and/or protein spilling into the urine. Supplementation with calcium may reduce the risk of preterm delivery, often associated with pre-eclampsia, and may also prevent the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Calcium supplementation can also help to ease leg cramps during pregnancy.

Excessive levels of calcium in the body, however, can result in spillage into the urine and the increased possibility of kidney stones. Supplementation with calcium must be done with efficient forms of the mineral, such as calcium citrate or citrate/malate, which are the more absorbable forms. And attention must be paid to the relationship between calcium and other minerals, such as magnesium and zinc.

Raspberry leaf infusion contains calcium in its most absorbable form; also nettle infusions, fresh parsley, and watercress. Other food sources of calcium include milk products, (although consumption of these can lead to an allergic condition in the baby) dark green leafy vegetables, asparagus, and pumpkin seeds. Avoid bone meal or oyster shell calcium tablets, which have been found to be high in lead, mercury, cadmium, and other toxic metals.

Calcium: 1,000 mg per day if age 19-50, 1,300 mg per day if under age 18; may be able to use lower doses if using calcium citrate/malate.
Nursing: Same as for pregnancy.
Food Sources: Asparagus, Dairy Products, Dark Green Leafy Vegetables, Pumpkin Seeds
Herbal Sources: Raspberry Leaf, Nettles, Horsetail

MoonDragon's Nutrition Basics: Calcium

CALCIUM PRODUCTS Gold Crown Natural Products: Liquid Calcium with Vitamin D, 1200 mg / 400 IU, 60 Softgels Kalyx: Calcium With Vitamin D, TwinLab, 1000 mg / 400 IU, 120 Tabs Kalyx: Calcium Citrate Powder, Frontier Natural, 1 lb. Kalyx: Calcium Complex, Calcium & Magnesium, All One, 1000 mg / 500 mg, 8.5 oz. HerbsPro: Calcium Plus Liquid, French Vanilla, Buried Treasure Products, 16 fl. oz. HerbsPro: Calcium Plus Liquid, Blueberry, Buried Treasure Products, 16 fl. oz. HerbsPro: Calcium with Magnesium Chewable Wafers, Vanilla / Orange, Country Life, 1000 mg / 500 mg, 120 Wafers HerbsPro: Calcium Magnesium Complex Powder, All-One Nutri-Tech, 1000 mg / 500 mg, 8.5 oz. HerbsPro: Calcium Magnesium Liquid, Mint Flavor, Enzymatic Therapy, 16 oz. HerbsPro: Yummi Bears Vegetarian Calcium With Vitamin D, Hero Nutritional Products, 90 Bears HerbsPro: Calcium Soft Chews, Chocolate, Nutrition Now, 500 mg, 75 Chews HerbsPro: Calcium Soft Chews, Fruit Flavor, Nutrition Now, 500 mg, 75 Chews HerbsPro: Just An Ounce Liquid Calcium & Magnesium, Almond Flavor, Trimedica, 16 oz. HerbsPro: Calm Plus Calcium, Raspberry-Lemon, Peter Gillhams Natural Vitality, 8 oz. TakeHerb: Bone Strength Take Care, New Chapter, 120 Tabs TakeHerb: Liquid Coral Calcium Complex, Natural Calcium, Dynamic Health Labs, 32 fl. oz. TakeHerb: Osteo Rx, Bone Health & Density, Hi-Tech Pharmaceuticals, 120 Tabs TakeHerb: Calcium, Liquid Health, 32 fl. oz. TakeHerb: Calcium Citrate Chew, TwinLab, 1000 mg, 60 Wafers TakeHerb: Total Soy Calcium Shake, Vanilla, Naturade, 1000 mg, 17.3 oz. TakeHerb: Super Calcium-Magnesium With Vitamin D & Boron, Schiff, 1200 mg / 400 mg / 400 IU / 3 mg, 90 Softgels TakeHerb: Super Calcium With Vitamin D, Schiff, 1200 mg / 400 IU, 120 Softgels TakeHerb: Calcium Citrate With Magnesium, TwinLab, 300 mg / 150 mg, 250 Caps TakeHerb: Coral Calcium Complete Liquid, Buried Treasure, 32 fl. oz. TakeHerb: Coral Calcium Powder, Source Naturals, 8 oz.

RED RASPBERRY LEAF SUPPLEMENTS & PRODUCTS Mountain Rose Herbs: Red Raspberry Leaf, Bulk Organic Herbs Kalyx: Red Raspberry Leaf, Cut & Sifted, Certified Organic, Frontier Herbs, 1 lb. Kalyx: Red Raspberry Leaf Powder, Certified Organic, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb. Kalyx: Red Raspberry Leaf Tea, Traditional Medicinals, 16 Tea Bags Kalyx: Pregnancy Tea, Traditional Medicinals, 16 Tea Bags HerbsPro: Red Raspberry Leaf, Natures Answer, 950 mg, 90 Caps HerbsPro: Red Raspberry Leaf Tea, Alvita Teas, 24 Bags HerbsPro: Organic Raspberry Leaf Tea, Traditional Medicinals, 16 Bags HerbsPro: Woman's Raspberry Leaf Tea, Yogi Teas, 16 Bags HerbsPro: Red Raspberry Leaf Extract, Organic, Alcohol Free, 1 fl. oz. House of Nutrition: Red Raspberry Leaf, Natures Way, 350 mg, 100 Caps House of Nutrition: Red Raspberry Leaf Extract, Nature's Answer, Alcohol Free, 1 fl. oz. House of Nutrition: Red Raspberry Leaf Extract, Gaia Herb, 2 fl. oz. TakeHerb: Red Raspberry Leaf Extract, Alcohol Free, Nature's Answer, 1 fl. oz. TakeHerb: Red Raspberry Leaf, Organic, Starwest Botanicals, 450 mg, 500 Caps

ROSE HIPS PRODUCTS Mountain Rose Herbs: Rose Hips & Powder, Certified Organic, Bulk Herbs Kalyx: Rosehips (Rose Hips) Powder, Herbal Extracts Plus, 1 lb. Kalyx: Rose Hips Extract (Rosa canina), Herbs & Herbs, 2 fl. oz. Kalyx: Rose Hips Extract (Rosa canina), Herbs & Herbs, 8 fl. oz. Kalyx: Rosehips (Rose Hips), Herbal Extracts Plus, 600 mg, 90 VCaps HerbsPro: Organic Rosehips, Cut & Sifted, Seedless, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb. HerbsPro: Rosehips Extract, Eclectic Institute, 2 fl. oz. HerbsPro: Vitamin C-1500 With Rosehips, Time Released, Source Naturals, 1500 mg, 250 Tabs TakeHerb: Rosehips, Whole, Wildcrafted Rosa Canina, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb. TakeHerb: Rosehips Powder, Wildcrafted Rosa Canina, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb. TakeHerb: Rosehips Tea, Organic, Caffeine Free, Starwest Botanicals, Approx. 170 Tea Bags, 1 lb. TakeHerb: Rose Hips Tea, Alvita Teas, 30 Tea Bags TakeHerb: Liquid C With Rose Hips, Good'n Natural, 300 mg / Teaspoonful, 4 fl. oz.

NETTLE SUPPLEMENTS & PRODUCTS Mountain Rose Herbs: Nettle Leaf, Certified Organic, Bulk Herbs Mountain Rose Herbs: Nettle Leaf Powder, Certified Organic, Bulk Herbs Mountain Rose Herbs: Nettle Root, Certified Organic, Bulk Herbs Mountain Rose Herbs: Nettle Root Powder, Certified Organic, Bulk Herbs Kalyx: Nettle Leaf (Urtica dioica), Cut & Sifted, Organic, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb. Kalyx: Nettle Leaf (Urtica dioica), Cut & Sifted, Organic, Frontier Bulk Herbs, 1 lb. Kalyx: Nettle Leaf Powder (Urtica dioica), Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb. Kalyx: Nettle Root (Urtica dioica), Cut & Sifted, Organic, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb. Kalyx: Nettle Root (Urtica dioica), Cut & Sifted, Organic, Frontier Bulk Herbs, 1 lb. Kalyx: Nettle Root Powder (Urtica dioica), Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb. Kalyx: Nettle Root Power, Natures Herbs, 60 Caps HerbsPro: Nettle Leaf Tea, Alvita, 24 Tea Bags HerbsPro: Organic Nettle Leaf Tea, Traditional Medicinals Tea, 16 Bags HerbsPro: Nettle Blend Extract, Herb Pharm, 1 fl. oz. HerbsPro: Nettle Glycerite Extract, Alcohol Free, Herb Pharm, 1 fl. oz. HerbsPro: Nettle Blend Extract, Herb Pharm, 4 fl. oz. HerbsPro: Nettle Glycerite Extract, Alcohol Free, Herb Pharm, 4 fl. oz. HerbsPro: Stinging Nettle Leaf, Enzymatic Therapy, 600 mg, 90 Caps HerbsPro: Nettle Root Extract, Now Foods, 250 mg, 90 VCaps HerbsPro: Nettle Root Power, Natures Herbs, 60 Caps House of Nutrition: Nettle Blend Extract (Urtica dioica), Herb Pharm, 8 fl. oz. House of Nutrition: Nettle Leaves, Solaray, 450 mg, 180 Caps House of Nutrition: Nettle Herb, Natures Way, 870 mg, 100Caps TakeHerb: Nettles, Freeze Dried, Allergen Exposure Support, Oregon's Wild Harvest, 90 VCaps TakeHerb: Nettles Leaf, Cut & Sifted, Wildcrafted, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb.

HORSETAIL (SHAVEGRASS) PRODUCTS TakeHerb: Shavegrass (Horsetail) Herb, Organic, Cut & Sifted, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb TakeHerb: Shavegrass (Horsetail) Herb Powder, Organic, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb TakeHerb: Horsetail Grass, Dr. Christopher's Original Formulas, 475 mg, 100 VCaps TakeHerb: Silica With Bioflavonoids, Alta Health Products, 60 Tabs TakeHerb: Silica With Bioflavonoids, Alta Health Products, 120 Tabs TakeHerb: Super Silica Complex, Futurebiotics, 60 Tabs TakeHerb: Silica, World Organics, 10% Silica, 500 mg, 200 Tabs TakeHerb: Horsetail Extract, Alcohol-Free, Nature's Answer, 1 fl. oz. TakeHerb: Shavegrass (Horsetail) Extract, Health Herbs, 2 fl. oz. TakeHerb: Horsetail Grass Tea, Caffeine Free, Alvita Teas, 24 Bags TakeHerb: Silica Complex, NOW Foods, 500 mg, 180 Tabs HerbsPro: Horsetail Extract, Herb Pharm, 4 fl. oz.

CHROMIUM, COBALT, & COPPER: These three trace minerals were positively associated in studies with higher infant birth weights, and supplementation is therefore recommended.

Chromium: 120 mcg per day, RDA
Cobalt: Presumably as part of B-12, 2 mcg per day, RDA
Copper: 2 mg per day; RDA


MoonDragon's Nutrition Basics: Chromium

MoonDragon's Nutrition Basics: Copper

CHROMIUM PICOLINATE PRODUCTS Kalyx: Chromium Picolinate, TwinLab, 200 mcg, 200 Caps Kalyx: Chromium Picolinate, TwinLab, 200 mcg, 60 Tabs TakeHerb: Chromium Picolinate, TwinLab, 200 mcg, 200 Caps TakeHerb: Chromium Picolinate, Chromax, Olympian Labs, 200 mcg, 100 Caps TakeHerb: Chromium Picolinate, Yeast-Free, Source Naturals, 200 mcg, 240 Tabs TakeHerb: Mega Chromium Picolinate, Source Naturals, 300 mcg, 60 Tabs TakeHerb: Ultra Chromium Picolinate, Good'n Natural, 500 mcg, 100 Tabs TakeHerb: Mega Chromium Picolinate, Good'n Natural, Once Daily Formula, 800 mcg, 90 Tabs

COPPER SUPPLEMENT PRODUCTS TakeHerb: OptiZinc Plus Copper, NOW Foods, 30 mg / 300 mcg, 100 Caps TakeHerb: Copper, TwinLab, 2 mg, 100 Caps TakeHerb: Chelated Copper, Solgar, 2.5 mg, 100 Tabs TakeHerb: Copper Sebacate, Source Naturals, 22 mg, 120 Tabs Kalyx: Copper Sebacate, Nutricology, 4 mg, 75 Caps HerbsPro: Copper Sebacate, Nutricology, 4 mg, 75 Caps

COBALT SUPPLEMENT PRODUCTS TakeHerb: Metallic Cobalt, Hannas Vibropathics, 1 oz. Kalyx: Liquid Colloidal Mineral Energy, World Organics, 72 Trace Minerals Plus Chelating Agents & Herbs, Lemon-Lime, 16 fl. oz. Kalyx: Liquid Colloidal Mineral Energy, World Organics, 72 Trace Minerals, Natural Fruit Flavors, 16 fl. oz.

IRON: Some researchers have concluded that iron supplementation is essential during pregnancy in order to maintain adequate maternal iron stores. But iron supplementation can exacerbate zinc depletion by blocking absorption of that mineral, so any supplementation should be warranted by tests that show a deficiency in the mother's hemoglobin, so routine iron supplementation during pregnancy is not clearly indicated.

If a woman gets sufficient iron in the first trimester of pregnancy, then studies show a definite positive association with infant birthweight and size (but not in the second and third trimesters. Good food sources are almonds, honey, beets (including greens), and high quality protein foods like egg yolks and organ meats (liver, kidney, heart). Herbs high in iron are nettles, dandelion, and alfalfa, as well as kelp.

Iron: 30 mg per day, RDA
Nursing: 15 mg per day
Food Sources: Almonds, Beets (including Greens), Egg Yolks, Honey, Organ Meats (Liver, Kidney, Heart)
Herbal Sources: Alfalfa, Dandelion, Nettles

MoonDragon's Nutrition Basics: Iron

IRON SUPPLEMENTS & PRODUCTS Kalyx: Iron Phosphate - #4 Ferr Phos Homeopathic 6X, Nuage Labs, 125 Tabs HerbsPro: Iron Complex, Now Foods, 27 mg, 250 Tabs HerbsPro: True Organic Iron, Enzymatic Therapy, 18 mg, 60 Tabs House of Nutrition: Iron Liquid Supplement, Natrol, 15 mg, Fruit Flavor, 8 fl. oz. TakeHerb: True Organics Iron, Enzymatic Therapy, 60 Tabs TakeHerb: Easy Iron, Good'n Natural, 28 mg, 90 Caps TakeHerb: Herbal Iron, Liquid Iron & Multivitamin, Yeast Free, NatureWorks, 8.5 oz. TakeHerb: Herbal Iron, Liquid Iron & Multivitamin, Yeast Free, NatureWorks, 17 oz. TakeHerb: Iron Ease, Healthy Origins, 27 mg, 60 Caps TakeHerb: Ferro-Tone Liquid Iron Plus Herbs, World Organics, 16 fl. oz. TakeHerb: Nourish Iron Assimilation, Dr. Christophers Original Formulas, 100 VCaps TakeHerb: Iron (Chelated Ferrous Fumarate), TwinLab, 18 mg, 100 Caps TakeHerb: Iron & Herbs, Floradix Herbal Extracts, 90 Tabs TakeHerb: Iron Chelate, Source Naturals, 25 mg, 250 Tabs

ALFALFA SUPPLEMENTS & PRODUCTS Mountain Rose Herbs: Alfalfa Leaf, Powder & Sprouting Seed, Certified Organic, 4 oz. to 1 lb. Bulk Herbs Kalyx: Alfalfa, Thompson Nutritional, 500 mg, 180 Tabs Kalyx: Alfalfa Sprouting Seed, Certified Organic, Starwest Botanicals, 4 oz. Kalyx: Alfalfa Mint Herbal Tea Blend, Certified Organic, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb. Kalyx: Alfalfa Leaf, Cut & Sifted, Certified Organic, Frontier Herbs, 1 lb. Kalyx: Alfalfa Juice Extract Powder, 50% Protein, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb. HerbsPro: Alfalfa Leaf, Organic, Cut & Sifted, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb. HerbsPro: Alfalfa Leaf Powder, Organic, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb. HerbsPro: Alfalfa Leaf Tea, Alvita Teas, 30 Bags HerbsPro: Alfalco Alfalfa Tonic, Boericke & Tafel, 8 fl oz. HerbsPro: Alfalfa, Organic, Natures Answer, Alcohol Free, 1 fl. oz. HerbsPro: Alfalfa Extract, Eclectic Institute, 2 fl. oz. HerbsPro: Alfalfa Extract, Herb Pharm, 4 fl. oz. TakeHerb: Alfafa, Single Herb, Dr. Christophers Original Formulas, 100 Caps TakeHerb: Alfalfa Herb, NOW Foods, 10 Grain, 250 Tabs TakeHerb: Alfalfa Powder, NOW Foods, 1 lb

DANDELION PRODUCTS Mountain Rose Herbs: Dandelion Root, Powder & Roasted, Certified Organic, 4 oz. to 1 lb. Bulk Herbs Mountain Rose Herbs: Dandelion Leaf, Certified Organic, 4 oz. to 1 lb. Kalyx: Dandelion Root (Taraxacum officinale), 500 mg, 100 Caps Kalyx: Dandelion Root (Taraxacum officinale), 500 mg, 500 Caps Kalyx: Dandelion Root Powder, Certified Organic (Taraxacum officinale), 4 oz. Kalyx: Dandelion Leaf, Herbal Extracts Plus, 600 mg, 90 VCaps TakeHerb: Dandelion Leaf Tea Organic, Celebration Herbals, 24 Bags TakeHerb: Dandelion Root Tea, Alvita Teas, 30 Bags TakeHerb: Dandelion Extract, Eclectic Herb, 2 fl. oz. TakeHerb: Dandelion Root Powder, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb TakeHerb: Organic Roasted Dandelion Root Tea, Traditional Medicinals, 16 Bags TakeHerb: Dandelion Root Extract, Alcohol Free, Nature's Answer, 1 oz. TakeHerb: Dandelion Root, Healthier Gall Bladder, Nature's Way, 1620 mg, 180 VCaps TakeHerb: Dandelion Root, NOW Foods, 500 mg, 100 Caps

NETTLE SUPPLEMENTS & PRODUCTS Mountain Rose Herbs: Nettle Leaf, Certified Organic, Bulk Herbs Mountain Rose Herbs: Nettle Leaf Powder, Certified Organic, Bulk Herbs Mountain Rose Herbs: Nettle Root, Certified Organic, Bulk Herbs Mountain Rose Herbs: Nettle Root Powder, Certified Organic, Bulk Herbs Kalyx: Nettle Leaf (Urtica dioica), Cut & Sifted, Organic, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb. Kalyx: Nettle Leaf (Urtica dioica), Cut & Sifted, Organic, Frontier Bulk Herbs, 1 lb. Kalyx: Nettle Leaf Powder (Urtica dioica), Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb. Kalyx: Nettle Root (Urtica dioica), Cut & Sifted, Organic, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb. Kalyx: Nettle Root (Urtica dioica), Cut & Sifted, Organic, Frontier Bulk Herbs, 1 lb. Kalyx: Nettle Root Powder (Urtica dioica), Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb. Kalyx: Nettle Root Power, Natures Herbs, 60 Caps HerbsPro: Nettle Leaf Tea, Alvita, 24 Tea Bags HerbsPro: Organic Nettle Leaf Tea, Traditional Medicinals Tea, 16 Bags HerbsPro: Nettle Blend Extract, Herb Pharm, 1 fl. oz. HerbsPro: Nettle Glycerite Extract, Alcohol Free, Herb Pharm, 1 fl. oz. HerbsPro: Nettle Blend Extract, Herb Pharm, 4 fl. oz. HerbsPro: Nettle Glycerite Extract, Alcohol Free, Herb Pharm, 4 fl. oz. HerbsPro: Stinging Nettle Leaf, Enzymatic Therapy, 600 mg, 90 Caps HerbsPro: Nettle Root Extract, Now Foods, 250 mg, 90 VCaps HerbsPro: Nettle Root Power, Natures Herbs, 60 Caps House of Nutrition: Nettle Blend Extract (Urtica dioica), Herb Pharm, 8 fl. oz. House of Nutrition: Nettle Leaves, Solaray, 450 mg, 180 Caps House of Nutrition: Nettle Herb, Natures Way, 870 mg, 100Caps TakeHerb: Nettles, Freeze Dried, Allergen Exposure Support, Oregon's Wild Harvest, 90 VCaps TakeHerb: Nettles Leaf, Cut & Sifted, Wildcrafted, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb.

MAGNESIUM: Magnesium deficiencies are associated with preeclampsia, and preterm labor. Supplementation must be in the first trimester to positively affect birthweight and size. Researchers think that magnesium may act by opposing calcium-dependent arterial vasoconstriction, and also prevent cell damage and death, making magnesium sulfate the "drug of choice" in the treatment of pre-eclampsia. In general, supplementation may reduce the complications of pregnancy and improve the health of the infant. In studies, magnesium-treated women had a 29.5 percent reduction in the risk of hospitalization, as well as a 37 percent reduction in per capita hospital days. Food sources are honey, almonds, barley, dried fruits, and potatoes. Herbs are dandelion, alfalfa, and watercress (avoid in first trimester), as well as dulse (seaweed). Magnesium-Calcium should be taken with 1 part magnesium to 2 parts Calcium (e.g., 250 mg / 500 mg)

Magnesium: 300 mg per day, RDA
Nursing: 355 mg per day
Food Sources: Almonds, Barley, Dried Fruits, Honey, Potatoes
Herbal Sources: Alfalfa, Dandelion, Dulse

MoonDragon's Nutrition Basics: Magnesium

MAGNESIUM PRODUCTS Kalyx: Magnesium, Thompson Nutritional, 100 mg, 120 Tabs Kalyx: Magnesium, TwinLab, 400 mg, 100 Caps Kalyx: Magnesium, TwinLab, 400 mg, 200 Caps Kalyx: Magnesium Chloride Liquid, Nutricology, 8 oz. Kalyx: Magnesium Citrate Powder, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb. Kalyx: Magnesium Citrate Powder, Frontier Natural, 1 lb. Kalyx: Magnesium Malate, Thompson Nutritional, 400 mg, 120 Tabs HerbsPro: Chelated Magnesium, Country Life, 250 mg, 180 Tabs HerbsPro: Buried Treasure Liquid Magnesium, 16 oz. HerbsPro: Bone Builder With Magnesium Glycinate, Ethical Nutrients, 220 Tabs TakeHerb: Chelated Magnesium, Solgar, 400 mg, 100 Tabs TakeHerb: Chelated Magnesium, Solgar, 400 mg, 250 Tabs TakeHerb: Magnesium Blend Liquid, Orange Vanilla, Lifetime, 16 fl. oz.

ALFALFA SUPPLEMENTS & PRODUCTS Mountain Rose Herbs: Alfalfa Leaf, Powder & Sprouting Seed, Certified Organic, 4 oz. to 1 lb. Bulk Herbs Kalyx: Alfalfa, Thompson Nutritional, 500 mg, 180 Tabs Kalyx: Alfalfa Sprouting Seed, Certified Organic, Starwest Botanicals, 4 oz. Kalyx: Alfalfa Mint Herbal Tea Blend, Certified Organic, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb. Kalyx: Alfalfa Leaf, Cut & Sifted, Certified Organic, Frontier Herbs, 1 lb. Kalyx: Alfalfa Juice Extract Powder, 50% Protein, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb. HerbsPro: Alfalfa Leaf, Organic, Cut & Sifted, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb. HerbsPro: Alfalfa Leaf Powder, Organic, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb. HerbsPro: Alfalfa Leaf Tea, Alvita Teas, 30 Bags HerbsPro: Alfalco Alfalfa Tonic, Boericke & Tafel, 8 fl oz. HerbsPro: Alfalfa, Organic, Natures Answer, Alcohol Free, 1 fl. oz. HerbsPro: Alfalfa Extract, Eclectic Institute, 2 fl. oz. HerbsPro: Alfalfa Extract, Herb Pharm, 4 fl. oz. TakeHerb: Alfafa, Single Herb, Dr. Christophers Original Formulas, 100 Caps TakeHerb: Alfalfa Herb, NOW Foods, 10 Grain, 250 Tabs TakeHerb: Alfalfa Powder, NOW Foods, 1 lb

DANDELION PRODUCTS Mountain Rose Herbs: Dandelion Root, Powder & Roasted, Certified Organic, 4 oz. to 1 lb. Bulk Herbs Mountain Rose Herbs: Dandelion Leaf, Certified Organic, 4 oz. to 1 lb. Kalyx: Dandelion Root (Taraxacum officinale), 500 mg, 100 Caps Kalyx: Dandelion Root (Taraxacum officinale), 500 mg, 500 Caps Kalyx: Dandelion Root Powder, Certified Organic (Taraxacum officinale), 4 oz. Kalyx: Dandelion Leaf, Herbal Extracts Plus, 600 mg, 90 VCaps TakeHerb: Dandelion Leaf Tea Organic, Celebration Herbals, 24 Bags TakeHerb: Dandelion Root Tea, Alvita Teas, 30 Bags TakeHerb: Dandelion Extract, Eclectic Herb, 2 fl. oz. TakeHerb: Dandelion Root Powder, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb TakeHerb: Organic Roasted Dandelion Root Tea, Traditional Medicinals, 16 Bags TakeHerb: Dandelion Root Extract, Alcohol Free, Nature's Answer, 1 oz. TakeHerb: Dandelion Root, Healthier Gall Bladder, Nature's Way, 1620 mg, 180 VCaps TakeHerb: Dandelion Root, NOW Foods, 500 mg, 100 Caps

KELP-SEAWEED PRODUCTS HerbsPro: Kelp Powder, Organic, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb. HerbsPro: Norwegian Kelp, Country Life, 225 mcg, 300 Tabs House of Nutrition: Atlantic Kelp, Natures Life, 6 oz. TakeHerb: Kelp Extract, Health Herbs, 2 fl. oz. TakeHerb: Kelp Powder, Norweigian, Now Foods, 8 oz. TakeHerb: Kelp, Natures Way, Natural Iodine Source, 660 mg, 100 Caps/a>

POTASSIUM: Potassium levels may be deficient in pregnancy, with lowest concentrations in women with eclampsia. Supplementation is recommended. Food sources are bananas, potatoes (especially peels), olives, bran, and green leafy vegetables. Herbs are nettles, dandelion, alfalfa, and chamomile.

Food Sources: Bananas, Bran, Green Leafy Vegetables, Olives, Potatoes (especially peels)
Herbal Sources: Alfalfa, Chamomile, Dandelion, Nettles

MoonDragon's Nutrition Basics: Potassium

POTASSIUM PRODUCTS Kalyx: Potassium Citrate, Nutricology, 99 mg, 120 Caps HerbsPro: Potassium Chelate, Natures Way, 99 mg, 100 Caps HerbsPro: Potassium Gluconate, 100% Pure Powder, Vegetarian, Now Foods, 540 mg, 1 lb. HerbsPro: Potassium Gluconate, Now Foods, 99 mg, 250 Tabs HerbsPro: Potassium Chloride Powder, Sodium-Free Salt Substitute, 730 mg, 8 oz. HerbsPro: Potassium Citrate, Skeletal Health Support, Jarrow Formulas, 99 mg, 120 Tabs HerbsPro: Liqui-K Plus, Potassium & Magnesium, TwinLab, 99mg / 100 mg, 16 fl. oz. HerbsPro: Ultra Potassium, Nerve Function Maintenance, Source Naturals, 99 mg, 200 Tabs House of Nutrition: BodyBio/E-Lyte 1 Potassium, Trace Minerals, 4 oz. House of Nutrition: Mega-Potassium Liqui-Mins, Trace Minerals, 60 mg, 4 fl. oz. TakeHerb: Potassium Plus, Enzymatic Therapy, Natural From Oranges & Bananas, Vegetarian, 90 Tabs TakeHerb: Liquid K - Liquid Potassium, TwinLab, 16 fl. oz.

ALFALFA SUPPLEMENTS & PRODUCTS Mountain Rose Herbs: Alfalfa Leaf, Powder & Sprouting Seed, Certified Organic, 4 oz. to 1 lb. Bulk Herbs Kalyx: Alfalfa, Thompson Nutritional, 500 mg, 180 Tabs Kalyx: Alfalfa Sprouting Seed, Certified Organic, Starwest Botanicals, 4 oz. Kalyx: Alfalfa Mint Herbal Tea Blend, Certified Organic, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb. Kalyx: Alfalfa Leaf, Cut & Sifted, Certified Organic, Frontier Herbs, 1 lb. Kalyx: Alfalfa Juice Extract Powder, 50% Protein, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb. HerbsPro: Alfalfa Leaf, Organic, Cut & Sifted, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb. HerbsPro: Alfalfa Leaf Powder, Organic, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb. HerbsPro: Alfalfa Leaf Tea, Alvita Teas, 30 Bags HerbsPro: Alfalco Alfalfa Tonic, Boericke & Tafel, 8 fl oz. HerbsPro: Alfalfa, Organic, Natures Answer, Alcohol Free, 1 fl. oz. HerbsPro: Alfalfa Extract, Eclectic Institute, 2 fl. oz. HerbsPro: Alfalfa Extract, Herb Pharm, 4 fl. oz. TakeHerb: Alfafa, Single Herb, Dr. Christophers Original Formulas, 100 Caps TakeHerb: Alfalfa Herb, NOW Foods, 10 Grain, 250 Tabs TakeHerb: Alfalfa Powder, NOW Foods, 1 lb

GERMAN CHAMOMILE SUPPLEMENTS & PRODUCTS Mountain Rose Herbs: Chamomile, Certified Organic, Bulk Herbs TakeHerb: Chamomile Flowers Powder, Organic German Chamomile, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb. TakeHerb: German Chamomile Flower, Whole, Frontier, 0.86 oz. TakeHerb: German Chamomile Flowers, Whole, Frontier, 1 lb. TakeHerb: German Chamomile Oil, Starwest Botanicals, 1/6 oz. TakeHerb: German Chamomile Oil, Starwest Botanicals, 4 fl. oz. TakeHerb: Organic German Chamomile Tea, Herbal Calmative & Digestive, Traditional Medicinals, 16 Bags

DANDELION PRODUCTS Mountain Rose Herbs: Dandelion Root, Powder & Roasted, Certified Organic, 4 oz. to 1 lb. Bulk Herbs Mountain Rose Herbs: Dandelion Leaf, Certified Organic, 4 oz. to 1 lb. Kalyx: Dandelion Root (Taraxacum officinale), 500 mg, 100 Caps Kalyx: Dandelion Root (Taraxacum officinale), 500 mg, 500 Caps Kalyx: Dandelion Root Powder, Certified Organic (Taraxacum officinale), 4 oz. Kalyx: Dandelion Leaf, Herbal Extracts Plus, 600 mg, 90 VCaps TakeHerb: Dandelion Leaf Tea Organic, Celebration Herbals, 24 Bags TakeHerb: Dandelion Root Tea, Alvita Teas, 30 Bags TakeHerb: Dandelion Extract, Eclectic Herb, 2 fl. oz. TakeHerb: Dandelion Root Powder, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb TakeHerb: Organic Roasted Dandelion Root Tea, Traditional Medicinals, 16 Bags TakeHerb: Dandelion Root Extract, Alcohol Free, Nature's Answer, 1 oz. TakeHerb: Dandelion Root, Healthier Gall Bladder, Nature's Way, 1620 mg, 180 VCaps TakeHerb: Dandelion Root, NOW Foods, 500 mg, 100 Caps

NETTLE SUPPLEMENTS & PRODUCTS Mountain Rose Herbs: Nettle Leaf, Certified Organic, Bulk Herbs Mountain Rose Herbs: Nettle Leaf Powder, Certified Organic, Bulk Herbs Mountain Rose Herbs: Nettle Root, Certified Organic, Bulk Herbs Mountain Rose Herbs: Nettle Root Powder, Certified Organic, Bulk Herbs Kalyx: Nettle Leaf (Urtica dioica), Cut & Sifted, Organic, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb. Kalyx: Nettle Leaf (Urtica dioica), Cut & Sifted, Organic, Frontier Bulk Herbs, 1 lb. Kalyx: Nettle Leaf Powder (Urtica dioica), Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb. Kalyx: Nettle Root (Urtica dioica), Cut & Sifted, Organic, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb. Kalyx: Nettle Root (Urtica dioica), Cut & Sifted, Organic, Frontier Bulk Herbs, 1 lb. Kalyx: Nettle Root Powder (Urtica dioica), Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb. Kalyx: Nettle Root Power, Natures Herbs, 60 Caps HerbsPro: Nettle Leaf Tea, Alvita, 24 Tea Bags HerbsPro: Organic Nettle Leaf Tea, Traditional Medicinals Tea, 16 Bags HerbsPro: Nettle Blend Extract, Herb Pharm, 1 fl. oz. HerbsPro: Nettle Glycerite Extract, Alcohol Free, Herb Pharm, 1 fl. oz. HerbsPro: Nettle Blend Extract, Herb Pharm, 4 fl. oz. HerbsPro: Nettle Glycerite Extract, Alcohol Free, Herb Pharm, 4 fl. oz. HerbsPro: Stinging Nettle Leaf, Enzymatic Therapy, 600 mg, 90 Caps HerbsPro: Nettle Root Extract, Now Foods, 250 mg, 90 VCaps HerbsPro: Nettle Root Power, Natures Herbs, 60 Caps House of Nutrition: Nettle Blend Extract (Urtica dioica), Herb Pharm, 8 fl. oz. House of Nutrition: Nettle Leaves, Solaray, 450 mg, 180 Caps House of Nutrition: Nettle Herb, Natures Way, 870 mg, 100Caps TakeHerb: Nettles, Freeze Dried, Allergen Exposure Support, Oregon's Wild Harvest, 90 VCaps TakeHerb: Nettles Leaf, Cut & Sifted, Wildcrafted, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb.

ZINC: Zinc is required for proper fetal growth and immunity. Plasma zinc levels decline about 30 percent during pregnancy, and low zinc intake is associated with spontaneous abortion and premature delivery, as well as complications and labor abnormalities. Low zinc was also associated with the specific complication of fetal distress, and may be associated with ONS abnormalities in infants, including neural tube defects, as well as low birthweight infants and toxemia of pregnancy. Supplementation, especially if zinc levels are low, is recommended to reduce the risk of fetal and maternal complications. In one study, complications during labor (vaginal bleeding, fetal acidosis, uterine inertia) were improved. Another study showed a lower incidence of pregnancy-induced hypertension (which is associated with pre-eclampsia and preterm labor). Some food sources of zinc are oysters, beets, broccoli, wheat germ, wheat bran, fish, and lentils; and watercress (not in the first trimester).

Zinc: 15 mg per day, RDA
Food Sources: Beets, Broccoli, Fish, Lentils, Oysters, Wheat Bran and Wheat Germ

MoonDragon's Nutrition Basics: Zinc

ZINC SUPPLEMENT PRODUCTS Kalyx: Zinc, TwinLab, 30 mg, 100 Caps Kalyx: Zinc, TwinLab, 50 mg, 180 Caps Kalyx: Zinc & Echinacea, Quantum, 48 Cherry Flavored Lozenges HerbsPro: Zinc Orotate, NCI (Dr. Hans Nieper), 60 mg, 200 Tabs HerbsPro: Zinc High Potency, Thompson Nutritional Products, 50 mg, 60 Tabs HerbsPro: Zinc Plus, Olympian Labs, 30 mg, 100 Caps HerbsPro: Opti L-Zinc, Now Foods, 30 mg, 100 Caps HerbsPro: Zinc Lozenges, FoodScience of Vermont, 23 mg, 60 Lozenges HerbsPro: Ultimate Zinc - C, NOW Foods, 100 Lozenges HerbsPro: Zinc Gluconate, NOW Foods, 50 mg, 100 Tabs TakeHerb: Wellness Zinc Lozenges With Vitamin C (Zinc Ascorbate), Source Naturals, 23 mg / 30 mg, 120 Tabs TakeHerb: Wellness Zinc Throat Spray, Source Naturals, 2 oz. TakeHerb: Zinc Plus, Olympian Labs, 30 mg, 100 Caps TakeHerb: OptiZinc, Zinc Monomethionine Complex, Source Naturals, 240 Tabs

WHEAT GERM PRODUCTS Kalyx: Wheat Germ, Natural, Raw, Bobs Red Mill, 4 Packages, 16 oz. per package Amazon: Bobs Red Mill Wheat Germ, 1 Package, 16 oz.

BIOFLAVONOIDS: When women who chronically abort were placed on citrus bioflavonoids daily as soon as a period was missed, many stopped aborting. One study demonstrated that previously Rh immunized mothers treated with bioflavonoids during their pregnancy delivered babies who were less erythroblastotic than expected. (See Vitamin C Supplements above for some recommended products.)

MoonDragon's Nutrition Basics: Bioflavonoids

BIOFLAVONOID PRODUCTS Kalyx: Ester- C Powder With Citrus Bioflavonoids, American Health, 8 oz. HerbsPro: Ester-C With Citrus Bioflavonoids, American Health, 1000 mg, 180 VTabs HerbsPro: Bioflavonoids Complex Liquid, Organic With Rosehips, 8 fl. oz. House of Nutrition: Vitamin C-1000 With Bioflavonoids, Natures Way, 1000 mg, 250 VCaps House of Nutrition: Ester-C Powder With Citrus Bioflavonoids (Vegeterian), American Health, 8 oz. House of Nutrition: Natural Factors Citrus Bioflavonoids, 650 mg, 90 Caps House of Nutrition: Citrus Bioflavonoids Complex, Carlsons, 500 mg, 100 Tabs TakeHerb: Alive! Organic Vitamin C Powder, Made With Organic Fruit, Nature's Way, 120 grams TakeHerb: Vitamin C-500 Complex With Bioflavonoids, Acerola & RoseHips, NOW Foods, 100 Tabs

ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS (EFAs): Essential fatty acids have a unique role during pregnancy because of the rapid development of new cell growth, new tissues, and new organ systems in a developing fetus. Fetal development is associated with a high EFA requirement, and this supply is dependent on the amount and availability of EFAs from the mother.

Prostaglandins are also involved in the development and clinical expression of pre-eclampsia. These prostaglandins are modulators of vascular smooth muscle tone and platelet aggregation (blood platelets sticking together). Pre-eclampsia is characterized by increased vasoconstriction, frequently associated with increased platelet aggregation, reduced uteroplacental blood flow, and premature delivery. In a placebo-controlled clinical trial, a group of pregnant women receiving a combination of evening primrose oil and fish had a significantly lower incidence of edema. Evening primrose oil has also been shown effective in preventing pregnancy-induced hypertension (associated with pre-eclampsia and preterm labor).

There is some evidence that EPO, taken both orally and vaginally can be used to promote cervical ripening. Clinically, EPO supplementation during pregnancy has been found by practitioners of natural childbirth to be an efficacious method to stimulate cervical ripening during labor, and PGE1 is known to stimulate cervical ripening and hasten the progression of labor. Although practitioners using this supplement report no adverse effects, a retrospective trial comparing the oil to no supplement did not note a difference between groups and there was a suggestion that there was an increased incidence of premature rupture of membranes, labor augmentation, and assisted vaginal delivery in the evening primrose group.

The main food sources of essential fatty acids are raw seeds and nuts or fish. Whole and ground flax seeds or the purified flax seed oil are excellent sources of the two essential oils, linoleic acid and linolenic acid. Borage oil and Black Current oil can be taken in capsule form as nutritional supplements.

Maternal levels of omega-3 fatty acids, especially DHA, decrease during pregnancy. EFAs are components of breast milk and maternal levels may be reduced further in nursing women. For the fetus, a deficiency of EFAs, particularly EPA and DHA, may lead to a poorly developed central nervous system. EFA deficiency may also lead to intrauterine growth retardation leading to a lower whole body weight and slower growth of the brain. Supplementation with a daily complex of essential fatty acids and fish oils during pregnancy provides vital nutrients that supply the necessary EFAs for the increased nutritional and metabolic demand throughout the nine months of gestation.

Several trials have been conducted to study the effects of fish oil supplementation on the duration of pregnancy. In one such study, fish oil was investigated for its effects on pregnancy duration, birthweight, intrauterine growth restriction and pregnancy induced hypertension: 2.7 g/day of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation was compared to an olive oil and/or no supplement. The fish oil supplemented pregnancies lasted 4 days longer and birthweight was 107 gm greater. Fish oil also appeared to be related to a reduction in the risk of preterm delivery in those women who had a previous preterm delivery. There was no effect of fish oil on intrauterine growth restriction or pregnancy induced hypertension.

Although research clearly shows that moderate EFA supplementation is beneficial and safe for pregnant women, caution should be exercised when consuming large doses. Also, there may be some caution about increased fish intake due to the mercury content. Fish like shark, swordfish, king mackerel, tilefish and tuna have higher mercury content than other fish.

MoonDragon's Nutrition Basics: Essential Fatty Acids

ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS PRODUCTS FLAX SEED Mountain Rose Herbs: Flax Meal & Whole Flax Seed, Certified Organic, 4 oz. to 1 lb. TakeHerb: Organic Essential Whole Flaxseed, Spectrum Naturals, 15 oz. TakeHerb: Organic Essential Ground Flaxseed, Spectrum Naturals, 15 oz. TakeHerb: Flax Seed, FiProFLAX Sprouted, Health From The Sun, 16 oz. TakeHerb: Organic Roasted Flaxseed, Spectrum Essentials, 12 oz. TakeHerb: Organic Ground Flaxseed With Mixed Berries, Spectrum Essentials, 12 oz. BORAGE OIL HerbsPro: Flax-Borage Combo, Organic, Health From The Sun, 90 Caps HerbsPro: Mega-Gla 300 Borage Seed Oil, Source Naturals, 120 Softgels HerbsPro: Borage Oil, Natures Way, 1000 mg, 60 Softgels BLACK CURRANT OIL HerbsPro: Black Currant Oil, Health From The Sun, 1000 mg, 60 Caps HerbsPro: Black Currant Oil, Health From The Sun, Hexane Free, 500 mg, 180 Caps SALMON FISH OIL Kalyx: Salmon Oil, American Health, 1000 mg, 120 Softgels HerbsPro: Salmon Oil, NOW Foods, 1000 mg, 250 Softgels TakeHerb: Wholemega Fish Oil, Derived From Extra Virgin Wild Alaskan Salmon Oil, New Chapter, 1000 mg, 180 Softgels TakeHerb: Wholemega Fish Oil, Derived From Extra Virgin Wild Alaskan Salmon Oil, New Chapter, 1000 mg, 120 Softgels TakeHerb: Wholemega Fish Oil, Derived From Extra Virgin Wild Alaskan Salmon Oil, New Chapter, 1000 mg, 30 Softgels TakeHerb: Wholemega Fish Oil, Derived From Extra Virgin Wild Alaskan Salmon Oil, New Chapter, 500 mg, 180 Softgels TakeHerb: Wholemega Fish Oil, Derived From Extra Virgin Wild Alaskan Salmon Oil, New Chapter, 500 mg, 90 Softgels TakeHerb: Wholemega Prenatal Fish Oil, 3 Servings of Wild Alaskan Salmon, New Chapter, 500 mg, 90 Softgels TakeHerb: Alaskan Salmon Oil, Citrus, Healthy Brain & Heart, Nordic Naturals, 8 oz. TakeHerb: Alaskan Salmon Oil, Citrus, Healthy Brain & Heart, Nordic Naturals, 90 Softgels

COENZYME Q-10 (CoQ10): Coenzyme Q10 is a fat soluble quinone occurring in the mitochondria of every cell, whose primary biochemical action is as a cofactor in the electron transport chain on which most cellular functions rely, making it "essential for the health of virtually all human tissues and organs." Plasma levels of this enzyme rise during normal pregnancy, reaching highs of 50 percent above normal by the 36th week. Decreased levels have been linked in studies to spontaneous abortion and threatened abortion, particularly before 12 weeks.

MoonDragon's Nutrition Basics: CoEnzyme Q-10 / CoQ10

COENZYME Q-10 (COQ10) PRODUCTS Kalyx: Super CoQ10, TwinLab, 50 mg, 60 Caps Kalyx: CoEnzyme Q-10, Natrol, Time Release, 100 mg, 30 VCaps Kalyx: CoEnzyme Q-10, Natrol, 200 mg, 45 Softgels Kalyx: CoEnzyme Q-10, Natrol, 50 mg, 60 Caps HerbsPro: Coenzyme Q10, Vegan, 25 mg, 60 Tabs HerbsPro: Coenzyme Q10 Sublingual, Peppermint, Source Naturals, 30 mg, 120 Tabs HerbsPro: Coenzyme Q10, Source Naturals, 30 mg, 120 Softgels HerbsPro: Coenzyme Q10 Sublingual, Peppermint, Source Naturals, 60 mg, 120 Tabs HerbsPro: Coenzyme Q10, Source Naturals, 75 mg, 120 Caps HerbsPro: Coenzyme Q10, Source Naturals, 100 mg, 90 Softgels HerbsPro: Coenzyme Q10, Ultra Potency, Source Naturals, 125 mg, 60 Caps HerbsPro: Coenzyme Q10, Source Naturals, 200 mg, 60 Softgels HerbsPro: Coenzyme Q10, Source Naturals, 400 mg, 60 Softgels HerbsPro: CoQ10 Clinical Strength, Healthy Origins, 300 mg, 150 Softgels HerbsPro: CoQ10, 100% Natural, Healthy Origins, 200 mg, 150 Softgels HerbsPro: CoQ10, Now Foods, 100 mg, 150 Softgels HerbsPro: CoQ10 Chewmelt, FoodScience of Vermont, 100 mg, 60 Tabs HerbsPro: CoQ10, Enzymatic Therapy, 60 mg, 60 Tabs HerbsPro: CoQ10 Liquid, Dynamic Health Labs, 50 mg, 8 fl. oz. HerbsPro: CoQ10, Enzymatic Therapy, 50 mg, 120 Softgels HerbsPro: CoQ10, Enzymatic Therapy, 30 mg, 60 Softgels

METHIONINE / SAM-e: Methionine is a component of many proteins, serving as a source of available sulfur for synthesizing both cysteine and taurine, crucial to cellular metabolism. Supplementation with methionine in mice reduced neural tube defects by 47 percent, and also positively affected birthweight and size. SAM-e (S-Adenosyl-Methionine) is a supplement formed in the body by an enzymatic reaction between adenosine-triphosphate (ATP) and methionine. SAM-e (S-Adenosyl-Methionine) was discovered in 1952 in Italy and has been researched and manufactured there. SAM-e works closely with folic acid and vitamin B-12.

MoonDragon's Nutrition Basics: Methionine / L-Methionine / SAM-e

METHIONINE / L-METHIONINE / SAM-e PRODUCTS METHIONINE HerbsPro: L-Methionine, Nutricology, 500 mg, 100 Caps HerbsPro: L-Methionine, Now Foods, 500 mg, 100 Caps TakeHerb: L-Methionine Powder, Source Naturals, 100 grams, 3.53 oz. TakeHerb: L-Methionine Powder, Carlson Lab, 100 grams TakeHerb: L-Methionine, NOW Foods, 500 mg, 100 Caps TakeHerb: L-Methionine, Carlson Lab, 500 mg, 100 Caps TakeHerb: L-Methionine, Solgar, 500 mg, 90 VCaps SAM-e Kalyx: SAM-e, Natrol, 200 mg, 20 Tabs Kalyx: SAM-e, FoodScience Labs, 200 mg, 60 Tabs HerbsPro: SAM-e, NOW Foods, 100 mg, 60 Tabs HerbsPro: SAM-e, NOW Foods, 200 mg, 60 Tabs HerbsPro: SAM-e, NOW Foods, 400 mg, 60 Tabs TakeHerb: SAM-e 400 Double Strength, Enteric Coated Suitable For Vegetarians, Doctor's Best, 400 mg, 30 Tabs TakeHerb: SAM-e, Health Herbs, 800 mg, 30 Caps

PHOSPHATIDYL CHOLINE (PC): PC is a primary component of lecithin, sometimes referred to as pure lecithin, from which dietary choline is derived. Dietary choline, after absorption by the intestinal mucosa, is metabolized in the liver to choline, a critical nutrient for brain and nerve development and function. In mammals, amniotic fluid has a ten-fold greater concentration of choline than that in maternal blood and at birth, all mammals studied have plasma choline concentrations much higher than those found in adults. When rats were supplemented with choline, the spatial memory of their offspring was permanently enhanced, they showed more accurate performance on both working and reference memory components of tasks. From these studies, researchers believe that choline is critical for optimal brain development, and therefore supplementation is suggested. Lecithin consists of Choline, Inositol, Linoleic Acid, and as a fat emulsifier in relieving arteriosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, brain function, proper nerve function, and maintains proper electrical energy and nutrients transfer across the cell membranes. Lecithin, a derivative of the soy bean, is needed by the brain to function properly, and helps to break down fatty cholesterol deposits in the body. Lecithin contains phosphorus and stimulates the metabolism. Lecithin is also found in fertile eggs, soy products and, in small amounts, in all vegetables which have been vine ripened.

MoonDragon's Nutrition Basics: Choline

LECITHIN / CHOLINE / PHOSPHOTIDYL CHOLINE PRODUCTS Kalyx: Lecithin 21 Grain, Schiff, 250 Softgels Kalyx: Lecithin Powder, Dutch Valley, 5 lbs. Kalyx: Lecithin Granules, Dutch Valley, 5 lbs. Kalyx: Lecithin Granules, Frontier Natural, 1 lb. Kalyx: Lecithin Powder, Starwest Botanicals, 1 lb. HerbsPro: Super Choline, TwinLab, 120 Caps HerbsPro: Phosphatidyl Choline, Country Life, 1200 mg, 200 Softgels HerbsPro: Phosphatidyl Choline, In Lecithin, Source Naturals, 420 mg, 180 Softgels HerbsPro: Lecithin Granules, Country Life, 16 oz. HerbsPro: Lecithin, Now Foods, 1200 mg, 400 Softgels HerbsPro: Lecithin Liquid, Fearn Natural Foods, 32 oz.

TAURINE: Taurine is an amino acid found widely distributed in foods of animal origin (but not milk or milk products). Taurine is biosynthesized from methionine or from cysteine during the metabolic process, and disturbances in enzymatic reactions that take place in this process can lead to mental retardation. Vegetarian mothers who consume no meat products during their pregnancy, and therefore have a low-taurine diet, as well as others on a protein, methionine, or B6 deficient diet might be at particular risk. Although dietary deficiency of taurine has not been demonstrated to impact fetal development in humans, researchers recommend that vegetarian women who intend to have children optimize dietary levels of protein and B-6, since there is no taurine present in plants and vegetables. Meat-eaters are advised to eat only organic or "free range" animals, in order to avoid the high concentrations of hormones and pesticides found in animal products raised in farm "factories."

MoonDragon's Nutrition Basics: Taurine / L-Taurine

TAURINE PRODUCTS Kalyx: L-Taurine, Nutricology, Pure Free Form Amino Acid, 1000 mg, 250 Caps Kalyx: L-Taurine, Nutricology, Pure Free Form Amino Acid, 500 mg, 100 Caps Kalyx: Mega Taurine, TwinLab, 1000 mg, 50 Caps HerbsPro: L-Taurine, Antioxidant Amino Acid, Jarrow Formulas, 1000 mg, 100 Caps HerbsPro: Taurine, Now Foods, 1000 mg 100 Caps HerbsPro: Taurine, Source Naturals, 1000 mg, 120 Caps HerbsPro: Taurine, Source Naturals, 1000 mg, 240 Caps HerbsPro: Taurine, Now Foods, 500 mg, 100 Caps HerbsPro: Taurine, Source Naturals, 500 mg, 120 Tabs HerbsPro: Taurine Powder, Source Naturals, 100 gm, 3.53 oz. HerbsPro: Taurine Powder, Now Foods, 8 oz. House of Nutrition: American Biologic Taurine Plus Drops, 1 oz. TakeHerb: Taurine Powder, Life Extension, 300 grams

PRENATAL SUPPLEMENT PRODUCTS House of Nutrition: Completia Prenatal, Nature's Way, 240 Tabs House of Nutrition: Early Promise Prenatal Micronutrient Powder, Bluebonnet, Chocolate Flavor, 1.1 lb. House of Nutrition: Buried Treasure's Prenatal Plus DHA Complete, 16 oz. House of Nutrition: New Chapter's Perfect Prenatal, 96 Tabs Kalyx: Complete Prenatal System, Rainbow Light, 180 Tabs Kalyx: Complete Prenatal System, Rainbow Light, 360 Tabs Complete Prenatal System multivitamin is the #1 selling prenatal formula in the health foods industry. The most comprehensive, intelligently formulated product available to support the vibrant health of your baby and yourself, these formulas include a complete range of the nutrients women and developing babies need, including folic acid, with whole foods and herbs to ease digestion.

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Source: Pregnancy and the Use of Nutritional Supplements - Women's Health Update
Townsend Letter for Doctors and Patients, Jan, 2002 by Tori Hudson
Bibliography for "Pregnancy and the Use of Nutritional Supplements - Women's Health Update"
Tori Hudson "Pregnancy and the Use of Nutritional Supplements - Women's Health Update". Townsend Letter for Doctors and Patients. Jan 2002. FindArticles.com. 14 Jul. 2007.



NOTIFY YOUR MIDWIFE OR HEALTH CARE PRACTITIONER IF...

You have bleeding (anything more than slight spotting) during pregnancy, please have it checked out immediately by your health care provider or midwife. This is an emergency! Call 9-1-1 and get to the emergency room if you are pregnant and symptoms of placenta abruptio develop. This may rapidly become an emergency condition that threatens both the mother and the baby.

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