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MoonDragon's Health & Wellness
Nutrition Basics: Minerals - Magnesium


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MINERALS OVERVIEW

Magnesium is essential for hundreds of chemical reactions that occur in the body every second. It has received little attention over the years, but recent findings suggest that it has important health-promoting benefits, from the ability to prevent heart disease to a role in treating such chronic conditions as fibromyalgia and diabetes.

Magnesium is a vital catalyst in enzyme activity, especially the activity of those enzymes involved in energy production. It assists in calcium and potassium uptake. A deficiency of magnesium interferes with the transmission of nerve and muscle impulses, causing irritability and nervousness. Supplementing the diet with magnesium can prevent depression, dizziness, muscle weakness and twitching, and premenstrual syndrome (PMS), and also aids in maintaining the body's proper pH balance and normal body temperature.

Magnesium is necessary to prevent the calcification of soft tissue. This essential mineral protects the arterial linings from stress caused by sudden blood pressure changes, and plays a role in the formation of bone and in carbohydrate and mineral metabolism. With vitamin B-6 (pyridoxine), magnesium may help prevent cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, and certain forms of cancer, and it may reduce cholesterol levels. It is effective in preventing premature labor and convulsions in pregnant women. Magnesium combined with vitamin B-6 may prevent calcium oxalate kidney stones. Research has shown that magnesium may help prevent cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, and certain forms of cancer, and it may reduce cholesterol levels. It is effective in preventing premature labor and convulsions in pregnant women.

Studies have shown that taking magnesium supplements during pregnancy has a dramatic effect in reducing birth defects. A study reported by the Journal of the American Medical Association reported a 70 percent lower incidence of mental retardation in the children of mothers who had taken magnesium supplements during pregnancy. The incidence of cerebral palsy was 90 percent lower.

Unfortunately, most people do not get enough magnesium in their daily diets, mainly because they eat great quantities of processed foods, which provide scant amounts of this important mineral. The effects of stress, intense physical activity, or the use of certain medications can also cause magnesium deficiency.

Possible manifestations of magnesium deficiency include confusion, insomnia, irritability, poor digestion, rapid heartbeat, seizures, and tantrums; often, a magnesium deficiency can be synonymous with diabetes. Magnesium deficiencies are at the root of many cardiovascular problems. Magnesium deficiency may be a major cause of fatal cardiac arrhythmia, hypertension, and sudden cardiac arrest, as well as asthma, chronic fatigue, chronic pain syndromes, depression, insomnia, irritable bowel syndrome, and pulmonary disorders. Research has also shown that magnesium deficiency may contribute to the formation of kidney stones. Some diseases, such as diabetes and alcoholism, can cause low magnesium levels too.

To test for magnesium deficiency, a procedure called an intracellular (mononuclear cell) magnesium screen should be performed. This is a more sensitive test than the typical serum magnesium screen, and can detect a deficiency with more accuracy. Magnesium screening should be a routine test, as a low magnesium level makes nearly every disease worse. It is particularly important for individuals who have, or who are considered at risk for developing, cardiovascular disease.

Supplements are one way to ensure that you get enough magnesium. You will find several forms available: magnesium citrate, magnesium aspartate, magnesium carbonate, magnesium gluconate, magnesium oxide, and magnesium sulfate.





SOURCES

Magnesium is found in most foods, especially dairy products, fish, meat, and seafood. Other rich food sources include apples, apricots, avocados, bananas, blackstrap molasses, brewer's yeast, brown rice, cantaloupe, dulse, figs, garlic, grapefruit, green leafy vegetables, kelp, lemons, lima beans, millet, nuts, peaches, black-eyed peas, salmon, sesame seeds, soybeans, tofu, torula yeast, watercress, wheat, and whole grains.

Herbs that contain magnesium include alfalfa, bladderwrack, catnip, cayenne, chamomile, chickweed, dandelion, eyebright, fennel seed, fenugreek, hops, horsetail, lemon grass, licorice, mullein, nettle, oat straw, paprika, parsley, peppermint, red raspberry leaf, red clover, sage, shepherd's purse, yarrow, and yellow dock.





COMMENTS

The consumption of alcohol, the use of diuretics, diarrhea, the presence of fluoride, and high levels of zinc and vitamin D all increase the body's need for magnesium.

The consumption of large amounts of fats, cod liver oil, calcium, vitamin D, and protein decrease magnesium absorption. Fat-soluble vitamins also hinder the absorption of magnesium, as do foods high in oxalic acid, such as almonds, chard, cocoa, rhubarb, spinach, and tea.





HEALTH BENEFITS

Magnesium plays a variety of roles in the body. Not only is it critical for energy production and proper nerve function, it also promotes muscle relaxation and helps the body produce and use insulin. Like calcium, another mineral it's commonly paired with in supplement products, magnesium is involved in the formation of bones and teeth, the clotting of blood, and the regulation of heart rhythm. Magnesium, sometimes taken in combination with calcium, is often used to treat such ailments as back pain, high blood pressure, depression, anxiety and panic, muscle cramps, and migraine headache.

SPECIFIC CONDITIONS IRON MAY HELP:

Prevent and treat heart disease, including angina and irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia). Without adequate levels of magnesium, your heart will suffer: The mineral helps coordinate the activity of the heart muscle as well as the functioning of the nerves that initiate the heartbeat. It also helps keep coronary arteries from spasming, an action that can cause the intense chest pain known as angina. If you have a deficiency of magnesium--often true of those with angina and abnormal heart rhythms--supplements may help. In a recent study of more than 230 people with frequent arrhythmias, the likelihood of these abnormal rhythms dropped significantly within three weeks after the participants increased the amount of magnesium and potassium in their diets. In addition, when given by injection in a hospital setting, magnesium has been found to aid recovery from a heart attack by stabilizing heart rhythm, inhibiting blood clots, and expanding coronary arteries. Some studies even indicate that drinking "hard" water, which is high in magnesium, lowers the risk of death from heart attack.

Control high blood pressure. Even a slight decline in blood pressure can reduce the risk of heart attack and stroke. Magnesium plays a part in reducing elevated blood pressure by relaxing the muscles that control blood vessels, allowing blood to flow more freely. Its beneficial effect on blood pressure is further enhanced because of its ability to help equalize the levels of potassium and sodium in the blood. A recent study of 60 men and women with high blood pressure found that magnesium supplements lowered both the systolic (the top number) and diastolic (the bottom number) pressures. Magnesium is typically taken along with calcium to treat high blood pressure.

Limit complications of congestive heart failure. Because magnesium can help lower blood pressure and inhibit dangerous arrhythmias, two common complications in those with congestive heart failure, a weakened heart may benefit from extra doses of this mineral.

Prevent diabetes complications. Preliminary findings indicate that having sufficient amounts of magnesium may protect against non-insulin-dependent (type 2) diabetes and its complications, such as eye disease. More research on this potentially important role for magnesium in diabetes prevention is needed, however.

Reduce the symptoms of fibromyalgia. Magnesium's role in relaxing contracted or stiff muscles makes it helpful for relieving the aching associated with fibromyalgia, a chronic rheumatic disorder. Taking the mineral with malic acid is often recommended for this purpose because the acid is believed to enhance the absorption and fatigue-fighting actions of magnesium. Fibromyalgia sufferers involved in a study on the effectiveness of high doses of magnesium and malic acid reported reduced pain and muscle tenderness after two months on the treatment regimen. Interestingly, people suffering from chronic fatigue syndrome--another disorder that can cause muscle aches and fatigue--may similarly benefit from magnesium, according to a placebo controlled study in which they reported an improvement in well-being after being injected with the mineral. (Whether the same benefits are available to those who take the mineral by mouth has yet to be determined.)

Ease muscle cramps, aches and pains. It has been shown that for proper muscle contraction and relaxation, magnesium and calcium need to be present in balanced amounts. A supplement containing these minerals, taken regularly, may lessen the pain from sports injuries or excessive physical activity Supplements with a ratio of two parts calcium to one part magnesium are recommended for otherwise healthy individuals treating muscle cramps and aches. Increasing magnesium levels can even improve a workout: A study of women over age 50 found that when magnesium levels were low, the participants had higher heart rates and needed more oxygen during their workouts.

Protect against migraines. Many migraine sufferers are found to have low magnesium levels in their systems. To maintain healthy blood flow to brain vessels - and thus possibly protect against debilitating migraine headaches - it's smart to correct any magnesium deficiency.

Relieve PMS (premenstrual syndrome) discomforts. Because deficiencies in magnesium have been found in many women suffering from PMS, taking magnesium supplements may help this problem. Menstrual cramping, which is caused by hormone-like substances called prostaglandins made by the endometrial cells, may subside with supplemental doses of magnesium and calcium. Both minerals help to lower the production of prostaglandins. Magnesium's muscle-relaxing properties probably have a beneficial effect on cramping of the uterine muscle as well.

Minimize the severity of asthma attacks. By helping the bronchial muscles to relax and encouraging the lung's airways to expand, magnesium may ease an asthmatic's breathing problems. Anyone suffering from severe or recurrent asthma attacks should consider using magnesium supplements along with their usual anti-inflammatory medications. When taken for preventive purposes in oral form, the mineral's effects are gradual; it may take up to six weeks for any benefit to become apparent. (Studies have shown that intravenous injections of magnesium - but not necessarily oral doses - can stop some severe asthma attacks.)

Prevent osteoporosis. Magnesium helps the body convert vitamin D - which the body needs to take advantage of bone-strengthening calcium - into a form that it can use efficiently. By contributing to increased bone density, the mineral may help stall the onset of the debilitating, bone-thinning disease known as osteoporosis.

Reduce emotional irritability in chronic depression, anxiety, and panic disorder. Magnesium and vitamin B-6 are needed for the body to produce serotonin, an important mood-enhancing brain chemical. When depression or a panic disorder is persistent - and especially when the usual drugs have limited effect - supplementing with magnesium and vitamin B-6 may provide significant relief. It may take six weeks or more of treatment for effects to be felt. Taking calcium along with magnesium may also lessen an overreaction to stress that some research has linked to anxiety and panic attacks.





MAGNESIUM SUPPLEMENTS & DOSAGES

FORMS:
  • Tablet
  • Powder
  • Capsule
  • Liquid

RECOMMENDED INTAKE:

The government recently established new goals for the Recommended Daily Intake of magnesium for men and women. The Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) is now just one component of the new calculations, but is still the figure most important in trying to establish how much you need. The new RDAs are as follows for magnesium:
  • For men ages 19 to 30: 400 mg a day.
  • For women ages 19 to 30: 310 mg a day.
  • For men ages 31 to 50: 420 mg a day.
  • For women ages 31 to 50: 320 mg a day.
  • For men ages 51 to 70: 420 mg a day.
  • For women ages 51 to 70: 320 mg a day.

For more information on RDAs and other dietary guidelines, see Government Dietary Guidelines.

1999 Magnesium RDAs For Adults (mg):
Life-Stage
Men
Women
Pregnancy
Lactation
Ages 14 - 18 410 mg 360 mg 400 mg 360 mg
Ages 19 - 30 400 mg 310 mg 350 mg 310 mg
Ages 31 + 420 mg 320 mg 360 mg 320 mg
Results of two national surveys, the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III-1988-91) and the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes of Individuals (1994 CSFII), indicated that the diets of most adult men and women do not provide the recommended amounts of magnesium. The surveys also suggested that adults age 70 and over eat less magnesium than younger adults, and that non-Hispanic black subjects consumed less magnesium than either non-Hispanic white or Hispanic subjects.


If You Get Too Little: Low levels of magnesium can increase your risk for complications of heart disease and diabetes. You may also be more susceptible to muscle cramps, various chronic pain conditions, and muscle fatigue.

Symptoms of a severe deficiency include irregular heartbeat, general fatigue, muscle spasms, irritability, nervousness, and confusion.

If You Get Too Much: Diarrhea and nausea are the most common side effects of ingesting too much magnesium.

If the body is unable to process particularly high doses of magnesium, muscle weakness, lethargy, confusion, and difficulty breathing may develop.

Serious overdose of this mineral is rare.

TABLE OF FOOD SOURCES OF MAGNESIUM
Food
Milligrams
%DV
100% Bran, 2 Tablespoons
44
11
Avocado, Florida, 1/2 Medium
103
26
Wheat Germ, Toasted, 1 oz
90
22
Almonds, Dry Roasted, 1 oz
86
21
Cereal, Shredded wheat, 2 Rectangular Biscuits
80
20
Seeds, Pumpkin, 1/2 oz
75
19
Cashews, Dry Roasted, 1 oz
73
18
Nuts, Mixed, Dry Roasted, 1 oz
66
17
Spinach, Cooked, 1/2 Cup
65
16
Bran Flakes, 1/2 Cup
60
15
Cereal, Oats, Instant/Fortified, Cooked W/ Water, 1 Cup
56
14
Potato, Baked W/ Skin, 1 Medium
55
14
Soybeans, Cooked, 1/2 Cup
54
14
Peanuts, Dry Roasted, 1 oz
50
13
Peanut Butter, 2 Tablespoons
50
13
Chocolate Bar, 1.45 oz
45
11
Vegetarian Baked Beans, 1/2 Cup
40
10
Potato, Baked W/Out Skin, 1 Medium
40
10
Avocado, California, 1/2 Medium
35
9
Lentils, Cooked, 1/2 Cup
35
9
Banana, Raw, 1 Medium
34
9
Shrimp, Mixed Species, Raw, 3 oz (12 Large)
29
7
Tahini, 2 Tablespoons
28
7
Raisins, Golden Seedless, 1/2 Cup Packed
28
7
Cocoa Powder, Unsweetened, 1 Tablespoon
27
7
Bread, Whole Wheat, 1 Slice
24
6
Spinach, Raw, 1 Cup
24
6
Kiwi Fruit, Raw, 1 Medium
23
6
Hummus, 2 Tablespoons
20
5
Broccoli, Chopped, Boiled, 1/2 Cup
19
5


DV = Daily Value. DVs are reference numbers based on the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA). They were developed to help consumers determine if a food contains very much of a specific nutrient. The DV for magnesium is 400 milligrams (mg). The percent DV (%DV) listed on the nutrition facts panel of food labels tells adults what percentage of the DV is provided by one serving. Even foods that provide lower percentages of the DV will contribute to a healthful diet.




GENERAL DOSAGE INFORMATION

Special tip: When selecting a magnesium product, try magnesium citrate first; it's the form that the body absorbs best. Magnesium oxide is often the cheapest form available, but it's also the most poorly absorbed.

  • For heart disease prevention: Take 400 mg of magnesium a day.

  • For angina prevention: Take 200 mg twice a day.

  • For arrhythmias, congestive heart failure, and asthma: Take 400 mg twice a day.


  • Be sure to check out the Dosage Recommendations Chart for Magnesium, which lists therapeutic dosages for specific ailments at a glance.





    GUIDELINES FOR USE

  • To enhance absorption, take magnesium supplements with food. If you happen to consume a high-fiber diet and also don't get much magnesium, however, take the supplements between meals--and not with soda or wheat bran. These contain substances (phosphoric acid and phytates, respectively) that can interfere with the absorption of the magnesium.


  • If diarrhea develops with magnesium supplements, either reduce the dose or take magnesium in the form of magnesium gluconate or magnesium sulfate. Both of these forms are easy to digest.


  • When calculating your daily dose, keep in mind that some prescription and over-the-counter medicines - certain antacid products, for example - contain magnesium as well.


  • When taking magnesium to control asthma, fibromyalgia, heart disease, or other chronic conditions in particular, be patient. It may take six weeks or more to absorb adequate amounts of magnesium to benefit stressed body parts and notice a difference in your condition.


  • Muscle cramps, aches, and pains related to sports injuries are best treated with a regimen that supplies two parts calcium to one part magnesium.


  • When taking magnesium to protect against migraines, first correct any magnesium deficiency and then take a 2-to-1 calcium-magnesium combination to maintain a healthy balance of these two minerals and protect against future headaches.


  • To most effectively relieve PMS pain, it's usually a good idea to take magnesium along with vitamin B-6.





  • GENERAL INTERACTIONS

  • Magnesium and calcium have competing effects on many of the body's chemical pathways. For this reason, combination magnesium and calcium products - or multi-mineral supplements - are often recommended for maintaining a proper balance of these minerals.


  • Magnesium can reduce the effectiveness of tetracycline antibiotics. Take magnesium supplements one to three hours before or after using this type of medication.

    Doxycycline: Magnesium may make doxycycline less effective. Take magnesium supplements 1 to 3 hours before or after ingesting doxycycline.

    Minocycline: Magnesium may make minocycline less effective. Take magnesium supplements 1 to 3 hours before or after ingesting minocycline.

    Tetracycline Hydrochloride: Magnesium may make tetracycline less effective. Take magnesium supplements 1 to 3 hours before or after ingesting tetracycline.


    Ailments
    Dosage
    ADHD 500 mg a day. Available in a powder form that can be mixed with juice.
    Angina & Arrhythmia 400 mg twice a day.
    Asthma 500 mg twice a day. May be partially covered by your daily multivitamin/antioxidant.
    Bronchitis Acute: 400 mg twice a day until recovered. Chronic: 400 mg twice a day.
    Chronic Fatigue Syndrome 400 mg twice a day.
    Chronic Pain 400-600 mg a day.
    Constipation 400-800 mg a day as needed.
    Crohn's Disease 400 mg twice a day.
    Diabetes 400 mg a day. May be partially covered by your daily multivitamin/antioxidant.
    Fatigue 400-800 mg a day.
    Fibrocystic Breast Changes 400 mg a day.
    Fibromyalgia 150-250 mg magnesium and 400-800 mg malic acid 3 times a day.
    Heart Disease Prevention 400-800 mg a day.
    Kidney Stones 400 mg a day.
    Multiple Sclerosis 400 mg a day.
    Muscle Aches & Pains 400 mg twice a day.
    Osteoporosis 250-400 mg twice a day.
    Raynaud's Syndrome 400 mg twice a day.
    Strains & Sprains 400 mg twice a day as needed.
    Stress 400-800 mg a day.
    Stroke 400 mg a day.
    Tinnitus 400 mg twice a day.





    CAUTIONS

  • If you have any type of kidney or heart disease, consult your health care provider before taking magnesium.





  • MAGNESIUM SUPPLEMENTS & PRODUCTS

    Magnesium Ionic Mineral Supplement, Fully Absorbable, 350 +/- ppm, 16 fl. oz.
    WaterOz Ionic Magnesium is a pure liquid Magnesium supplement. Magnesium is a natural tranquilizer. Called the "anti-stress mineral," it aids in relaxing nerves, relieving tension, assisting digestion, activating enzymes important for protein and carbohydrate metabolism.

    Magnesium Malate, 150 mg, 120 VCaps
    Magnesium is an essential mineral that is required by every cell in the human body and is important for helping to maintain normal cardiovascular, muscle, nerve, bone and cellular function.

    Magnesium Chloride Liquid, Allergy Research Group / Nutricology, 8 fl. oz.
    A highly absorbable form of magnesium, formulated to be better tolerated by the gastrointestinal tract. Magnesium chloride is very well studied and generally well tolerated.

    Magnesium & Calcium, NOW Foods, 250 Tabs
    This reverse ratio formula is designed to provide higher levels of Magnesium for those who desire the nerve, muscle and bone supporting effects of this essential mineral. Zinc and Magnesium are involved in hundreds of enzyme systems in the body.

    Magnesium Malate, NOW Foods, 180 Tabs
    Magnesium Malate is involved in energy and carbohydrate metabolism.

    Ionic Magnesium, Trace Minerals, 400 mg, 2 fl. oz.
    Liquid Ionic Magnesium is a rich, concentrated liquid dietary supplement that provides magnesium in ionic form.

    Magnesium Citrate Complex, Nature's Way, 250 mg, 100 Caps
    Nature's Way Magnesium Citrate is an advanced chelate form which enhances absorption of magnesium by providing excellent solubility.

    Cal-Mag Liquid, Vital Earth, 32 oz.
    Cal-Mag Liquid 30 Day Supply. Liquid Calcium and Magnesium with Fulvic, Vitamin D, Phosphorous, and Potassium. Low glycemic, diabetic friendly, alkaline pH, proper healthy ratio of calcium and magnesium.

    Coral Calcium (Okinawa) With Magnesium & Vitamin D, 100% Natural, NOW Foods, 500 mg, 100 VCaps
    Okinawa Coral Calcium Plus with Magnesium, Vitamin D and 70 other trace minerals provides essential minerals, restores body alkalinity, supports the immune system, and is bio-available for better absorption.

    Just An Ounce Calcium & Magnesium, Almond Flavor Liquid, 16 fl. oz.
    Just An Ounce, Calcium and Magnesium Liquid can help with the development of strong bones and teeth, also prevents muscle cramping, risk of colon cancer, maintain regular heart beat, protects against osteoporosis and helps relax the central nervous system.

    Natural Calm Magnesium Supplement, Peter Gillham's Natural Vitality, 8 oz.
    What makes Natural Calm Magnesium Supplement so special over other forms of magnesium supplements is that it is water soluble and assimilates instantly and thoroughly, and works even in cases of highly impaired digestion.

    Natural Calm Plus Calcium Anti-Stress Drink, Peter Gillham's Natural Vitality, 8 oz.
    A superior formulation for best calcium assimilation. Peter Gillham's Natural Calm Plus Calcium is formulated with 3 parts magnesium to 2 parts calcium, which will prevent a surplus of calcium robbing the body's vital magnesium supply and avoid the symptoms associated with depleted levels of magnesium.

    Mama Calm, Powder Magnesium Supplement, Peter Gillham's Natural Vitality, 8 oz.
    Mama Calm, Powder Magnesium Supplement, is easy to prepare with a pleasant taste.

    Baby Calm, Natural Calm for Babies, Peter Gillham's Natural Vitality, 8 oz.
    Baby Clam, Natural Calm for Babies, is absorbed instantly and contains magnesium for baby's relaxation, comfort and growth and vitamin C for immunity.

    Magnesium Citrate, 100% Pure, Vegetarian, NOW Foods, 200 mg, 250 Tabs
    This product is 100% pure magnesium citrate from a vegetable source. Magnesium Citrate is produced from the synthesis of Magnesium Carbonate and Citric Acid and is a readily bio-available source of this key mineral.

    Magnesium Citrate Powder, 100% Pure, NOW Foods, Vegetarian, 8 oz.
    This product is 100% pure Magnesium Citrate from a vegetable source and contains no other ingredients. Magnesium Citrate is produced from the synthesis of Magnesium Carbonate and Citric Acid and is a readily bio-available source of this key mineral.

    Liquid Calcium / Magnesium / Zinc (Liquimins), Natural Pina Colada Flavor, Trace Minerals, 32 fl. oz.
    Liquid Calcium / Magnesium / Zinc is a perfectly balanced daily liquid supplement of calcium, magnesium, zinc and vitamin D synergistically formulated to support bone, muscle and connective tissue health.

    Super Mineral Juice (Liquid Minerals), Blueberry Flavor, Trace Minerals, 32 fl. oz.
    Our formula is the most complete multi-mineral supplement on the market, containing important minerals like Calcium, Magnesium, Zinc, Chromium, Selenium and many more!

    Super Mineral Juice (Liquid Minerals), Peach Flavor, Trace Minerals, 32 fl. oz.
    Super Mineral Juice, liquid mineral, is a potent combination of over 70 minerals you need for optimum health and wellness to maintain healthy energy levels and enhance vitality.

    Calcium & Magnesium Mineral Complex, 100% Natural, Nature's Way, 500 mg / 250 mg, 250 Caps
    Calcium & Magnesium are essential for proper bone development and muscle and heart function. An ideal balance of two important minerals in 100% natural and pure forms.

    Calcium, Magnesium & Vitamin D, 100% Natural, Nature's Way, 166 mg / 83 mg / 66 IU, 250 Caps
    Calcium, Mag & D (Calcium, Magnesium & Vitamin D) is a 100% natural blend of three important nutrients that includes an advanced chelate complex which enhances absorption.

    Cal-Mag Pre-Chelated Calcium & Magnesium, Vital Earth, 240 Gelcaps
    Cal-Mag is pre-chelated to boost absorbability by 40% to 50%. Also this formula contains the 3 most absorbable forms of calcium: Aminoate, Glycinate, and Citrate/Malate, plus the additional components necessary to create essential co-factor reactions for maximum uptake, utilization, and assimilation. 240 Gelcaps-one month supply.

    FOR MORE PRODUCTS & INFORMATION CLICK ON THESE LINKS:

  • HerbalRemedies: Magnesium Supplements & Products


  • HerbalRemedies: Magnesium Citrate / Magnesium Malate Information





  • MoonDragon's Health Information: Nutrition Basics - Minerals Index

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