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MoonDragon's Health & Wellness
Eye Disorders & Problems
XEROPHTHALMIA




BASIC INFORMATION


"For Informational Use Only"
For more detailed information contact your health care provider
about options that may be available for your specific situation.


DESCRIPTION

Xerophthalmia is a major cause of preventable blindness in children the world over and still remains a problem in the developing countries. In India alone, there are over 200,000 children blinded from this condition. It is most commonly occurs in children during the ages of 3 to 6 years of age. It is an inflammation of the cornea (the clear covering of the eye) that is associated with nutritional deficiency resulting in general malnutrition, diarrhea and especially a deficiency of vitamin A. A deficiency of vitamin A weakens the cornea and if caught before the cornea is perforated, high doses of vitamin A and a change in diet can prevent further damage and allow the eye to heal. If discovered too late, the child will be permanently blind.

Although xerophthalmia is most prevalent with children, it can also occur in adults with severe malnutrition or in other health problems in which lack of vitamin A in their diets is a factor.





SYMPTOMS

Night blindness may occur and is often an early manifestation of the disorder. The conjunctiva and the cornea becomes dry (Xerosis) with the development of characteristic triangular or oval spots, called Bitot's spots.

Xerosis of the cornea is seen initially as a mild haziness inferiorly. This is followed by corneal ulceration and/or infection with full thickness dissolution known as keratomalacia - there may be extrusion of the intraocular contents.





TREATMENT

  • Vitamin A therapy and a protein-rich diet are essential.


  • Topical antibiotics are given to prevent secondary bacterial infection. Keratomalacia is irreversible and causes permanent corneal scarring.


  • Diet supplements rich in vitamin A or beta-carotene should be provided in high risk areas to prevent the condition. High doses of vitamin A should be avoided during pregnancy because of the risk of vitamin A embryopathy.




  • WHO International
    Vitamin A Treatment for Xerophthamia


    The following signs and symptoms of Xerophthalmia indicate vitamin A deficiency:

    1. Night Blindness Difficulty seeing in the dark.
    2. Xerosis (Dry Eyes) The white of the eye loses its shine and begins to wrinkle.
    3. Bitot's Spots Patches of little gray bubbles on the whites of the eye.
    4. Corneal Ulceration Dullness or damage to the cornea.
    5. Keratomalcia Soft or bulging cornea.





    XEROPHTHALMIA


    EMERGENCY PATIENT CARE BY A HEALTH CARE PROVIDER

    xerophthalmia
  • In order to treat or prevent a secondary bacterial infection, which would compound corneal damage, apply an antibiotic eye ointment, e.g. tetracycline or chloramphenicol. Protect the eye with an eye shield in order to prevent trauma. In the case of young children, it may be necessary to restrain arm movements while applying the shield.


  • Vitamin A must be administered orally immediately upon diagnosis.


  • For treatment of xerophthalmia, follow the schedule as given below or according to a health care provider's recommendations.


  • xerophthalmia


    TO GIVE VITAMIN A TO SMALL CHILDREN:

    When giving vitamin A, cut open a capsule at the narrow end. Squeeze the correct amount of vitamin A into the child's mouth. If a child spits up most of the vitamin A immediately, give one more dose (but record only a single dose). Do not ask a child to swallow a capsule. It is preferable that the child receive the dose from the health worker, although in some cases it may be given to the mother to be given later. Throw away any half-used capsule - it is too messy to try and use again.

    Discard all used vitamin A capsules in a plastic bag or container. All used capsules should be disposed of safely (buried or burned), in order to avoid children or animals accidentally ingesting the capsules.

    Record the treatment with vitamin A on the child's health card.

    Parents should be aware that:
      1. Three doses of vitamin A supplement must be given for best results.

      2. Improvements after taking vitamin A supplements may take several days to become evident.

    Xerophthalmia children with severe protein-energy malnutrition need to be referred to a hospital and carefully monitored. Their vitamin A status is unstable and may rapidly worsen, even when treated with recommended doses.

    MoonDragon's Health & Wellness: Vitamin A Therapy Introduction: Giving Vitamin A To Sick Children





    xerophthamia


    WOMEN WITH XEROPHTHALMIA

    Women of reproductive age with night blindness or Bitot's spots should be treated with a daily oral dose of 5,000-10,000 IU of vitamin A for at least 4 weeks. Such a daily dose should never exceed 10,000 IU, although a weekly dose not exceeding 25,000 IU may be substituted.

    All women of reproductive age, whether or not pregnant, who exhibit severe signs of xerophthalmia (i.e. acute corneal lesions) should be treated with three dose treatment.







    HOLISTIC RECOMMENDATIONS & NUTRITION


    CONSIDERATIONS

  • Increase your intake of vitamin A. See Vitamin A and the Carotenoids for more information about this vitamin supplement.


  • Avoid eyestrain and smoke-filled rooms.


  • Drink fresh carrot juice. This can help to prevent or alleviate some eye problems. Taking two tablespoons of cod liver oil daily can also be helpful. Both are rich in vitamin A.


  • MoonDragon's Nutrition Therapy: Juicing

    MoonDragon's Health & Wellness: Bitot's Spots





    NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENTS

    Unless otherwise specified, the dosages recommended here are for adults. For a child between the ages of 12 and 17, reduce the dose to 3/4 the recommended amount. For a child between 6 and 12 years of age, use 1/2 the recommended dosage, and for a child under the age of 6, use 1/4 the recommended amount.

    Nutrients
    Supplement Suggested Dosage Comments
    Vitamin A 25,000-50,000 IU daily. If you are pregnant, do not exceed 10,000 IU daily. Specifically for dry eyes. Use emulsion form for easier assimilation and greater safety at higher doses.
    Nature's Way Natural Vitamin A, 10,000 IU, 100 Softgels,
    Dry Vitamin A & D, Nature's Way, 15,000 IU / 400 IU, 100 Caps,
    Vitamin A, Fish Liver Oil, NOW Foods, 25,000 IU, 250 SoftGels
    Plus
    Natural Carotenoid Complex (Betatene)
    As directed on label. Antioxidants and vitamin A precursors.
    Nature's Way Natural Beta Carotene 25,000 IU, 100 Softgels,
    Nature's Way Multi-Carotene Antioxidant, 60 Softgels
    Plus
    Lutein
    As directed on label. Lutein can help protect the retina from harmful ultraviolet (UV) light and free radicals. Needed for all eye disorders.
    Lutein Supplement, Nature's Way, 20 mg, 60 Softgels,
    Lutein Esters, 20 mg, 60 Softgels
    And
    Zeaxanthin
    As directed on label. Needed for all eye disorders.
    Visi Clear With Lutein, Bilberry, Zeaxanthin & Lycopene,
    Vitamin B-6 (Pyridoxine) 50 mg daily. Nutrients that work well together to heal dry eyes.
    Nature's Way Vitamin B-6 (Pyridoxine), 100% Natural with HCl, 100 mg, 100 Caps
    Vitamin C 2,000-14,000 mg daily, in divided doses. Improves circulation and aids in healing process. Works with other nutrients to heal dry eyes. People are generally deficient in vitamin C due to poor diet which does not include enough good quality fruits and vegetables.
    Vitamin C w/Rosehips, Nature's Way, 100% Natural, 1000 mg, 250 Caps,
    Vitamin C Liquid w/ Rose Hips & Bioflavonoids, Kosher, Natural Citrus Flavor, Dynamic Health, 1000 mg, 16 fl. oz.,
    Nature's Way Vitamin C w/Bioflavonoids, 100% Natural, 500 mg, 250 Caps,
    Ester C With Bioflavonoids, Nature's Way, 1000 mg, 90 Tabs,
    Vitamin C w/bioflavonoid, Nature's Way, 100% Natural, 1000 mg, 250 VCaps,
    The Right C, Nature's Way, 1000 mg, 120 Tabs,
    Vitamin C Complex Powder, NOW Foods, Vegetarian Formula, 8 oz
    Zinc 50 mg daily. Do not exceed a total of 100 mg daily from all supplements. Use zinc gluconate lozenges or OptiZinc for best absorption.
    Zinc Ionic Mineral Supplement, Fully Absorbable, 100 +/- ppm, 16 fl. oz.,
    Colloidal Silver & Zinc Lozenges, Silva Solution, 90 Lozenges,
    Zinc Lozenges W/ Echinacea & Vitamin C, Nature's Way, 23 mg, 60 Lozenges,
    Zinc (Chelated), 100% Natural, Nature's Way, 30 mg, 100 Caps





    EYE CARE SUPPLEMENTS & PRODUCTS

    Information, supplements and products for eye-related problems including xerophtalmia and Bitot's spots.

    Alfa Max, Alfalfa Extract, Nature's Way, 525 mg, 100 Caps

    Nature's Way Alfa-Max Alfalfa Extract capsules is a 10x extract of fresh green Alfalfa leaves.
    Antioxidant Formula, Antioxidant Supplement, All Natural, Nature's Way, 100 Tabs

    Nature's Way Antioxidant Formula Antioxidant Supplement is 100% natural.
    Beta Carotene (Natural Dunaliella Salina), 100% Natural, Nature's Way, 25,000 IU, 100 Softgels

    Nature's Way Beta Carotene is 100% all natural from Dunaliella Salina.
    CamoClear Soothing Eye Wash, Herbal Eye Wash, CamoCare, 10 Single Use Droppers

    CamoClear Soothing Herbal Eye wash gives you instant, natural and long lasting relief for dry, tired or irritated eyes, due to dust, pollen, pollution, smoke irritants, sun glare, wind, swimming, air conditioning/heating and computer work.
    Clear Eye Herbal Tea, 20 Tea Bags

    To nurture the eye and pacify the nervous system, protect retina, and improve eyesight.
    Clear Eye & Sharp Ear, TCM Formula, Shanze Xiaozhi, 60 Caps

    Clear Eye & Sharp Ear Chinese Formulas are made of extracts from astragalus root, pueraria root, seashore vitex, common peony root, cimicifuge, phellodendron, licorice, cnidium, Chinese angelica root (Dong Quai) and ginseng.
    Digestive Enzymes, 750 mg, 100 Caps

    Since cooking destroys many of the digestive enzymes in food, taking plant fiber-based digestive enzymes aids in digesting even the heaviest meal.
    Dry Eye Relief Eye Drops, Homeopathic, 0.33 fl. oz.

    Eye Doctor recommended Similasan Eye Drops for dry, red eyes stimulate the eye's natural ability to fight dryness and clear redness due to smog, stress, age, contact lens wear, etc.
    Echinacea Root Complex, Nature's Way, 180 Caps

    Echinacea Root Complex helps promote general well-being during the cold and flu season and support the immune system.
    Echinacea Tincture, Nature's Way, Alcohol Free, 1 fl. oz.

    Modern scientific studies now validate Echinacea's traditional usage as a topical agent to help the body repair skin wounds, and internally to enhance the immune system.
    Eyebright Herb Tincture, 100% Organic, 2 fl. oz.

    Eyebright herb helpful for sore, itchy eyes. May be taken internally or used externally as an eyewash or compress.
    EyeFactor HAÖ for Healthy Vision with HA, Hyalogic, 120 Count

    Hyaluronic acid makes up 95% of the fluid inside the eye. Acts as a shock absorber for the eye and also serves to transport nutrients into the eye.
    Eye Support Formula With Bilberry, Lutein & Antioxidants, NOW Foods, 60 Caps

    NOW "Health Care Provider Recommended" Eye Support Formula eye supplement offers a full range of antioxidant nutrients which may aid in maintaining some visual functions with Lutein and Bilberry.
    Fisol Fish Oil Supplement, EPA DHA, Enteric Coated, Nature's Way, 500 mg, 90 Softgels

    Fisol, enteric coated, fish oil supplement delivers 30% EPA and 20% DHA. The unique coating withstands stomach acid so Fisol dissolves in the small intestine and maximizes the body's absorption of Omega-3 Essential Fatty Acids.
    Garlicin HC, Healthy Circulation Formula With Odor Free Garlic Supplement, Nature's Way, 90 Enteric Coated Tabs

    Garlicin HC garlic supplement supports cardiovascular health with the help of hawthorn, cayenne and vitamin E.
    Goldenseal Root Tincture (Hydrastis Canadensis), 100% Organic, 2 fl. oz.

    Uses include Adrenal Glands; Eye Problems; Fainting; Gallbladder; Gallstones; Nephritis; Pancreatic Disorders; Peritonitis; Poison Ivy/Oak; Prostate Problems; Psoriasis; Pyorrhea; Quinsy,;Scarlet Fever; Spinal Meningitis (sometimes referred to simply as Meningitis); Spleen; Wounds
    Grapefruit Seed Extract Liquid Concentrate, 4 fl. oz.

    Grapefruit Seed Extract may be used topically as an antiseptic wound cleaner and to treat infections of the skin. Internally, the concentrate is useful as a supportive treatment for a wide variety of ailments.
    Irwin Naturals Immune Shield, Immune System Support, 100 GelCaps

    Irwin Naturals multi-herb complex addresses two key areas, immune support and bacterial/viral control.
    Lutein Esters, NOW Foods, 20 mg, 60 Softgels

    Lutein is the active carotenoid in this potent, natural source antioxidant.
    Marshmallow Root Tincture, 100% organic, 2 fl. oz.

    The primary use of Marshmallow root is to relieve digestive and respiratory problems, such as coughs, colds, sore throats and asthma.
    Multi-Mineral Optimum Complex, Nature's Way, 100 Caps

    Nature's Way Multi Mineral Optimum Complex offers a complete carefully dosed blend of minerals vital to the body. This multi Mineral Optimum Complex provides nutritional support for normal bone development, muscle function, reproduction and metabolism.
    Multi-Vitamin Without Iron, Nature's Way, 100 Caps

    The vitamins and minerals in this Multi-Vitamin without Iron play many important roles in the body: antioxidants to protect fats, cells and DNA, coenzyme precursors for energy production and metabolism, and cofactors for hormones and enzymes which regulate body processes.
    Nature's Way Ginkgold Eyes Plus Lutein, 20 mg, Vegetarian, Eye Supplement, 60 Caps

    Nature's Way Ginkgold eye supplement supports visual function and is the only Ginkgo extract shown to stimulate activity in all areas of the brain
    Once Daily Multi-Vitamin With Iron, All Natural, Lactose Free, Nature's Way, 100 Tabs

    Nature's Way Daily Multi Vitamin with Iron provides many of the essential nutrients that modern diets may lack. They are useful for protection, growth and maintenance of body systems as they age.
    Passion Flower Tincture, 100% Organic, 2 fl. oz.

    Passion Flower is a powerful relaxant to the nervous system important in the treatments of anxiety, tension and insomnia.
    Red clover Tincture, 100% Organic, 2 fl. oz.

    Red clover is used in the treatment of coughs, bronchitis, and weak lungs.
    Red Raspberry Tea, NOW Foods, 30 Tea Bags

    NOW Foods delicious Red Raspberry Tea will engage your senses.
    Selenium, 100% Natural, 200 mcg, 100 Caps

    Selenium is an essential component of glutathione, the body's most potent natural antioxidant system. It is a popular choice in many antioxidant regimens.
    Silver Biotics Liquid, Silver Supplement, 8 fl. oz.

    Silver Biotics was tested by researchers and was found to kill every strain of bacteria that it was tested against and that these bacteria, many of which have become resistant to antibiotics, cause many human ailments.
    Taurine, Free Form, NOW Foods, 500 mg, 100 Caps

    Taurine is a conditionally essential amino acid which is not utilized in protein synthesis, but is mainly found free in most tissues, especially throughout the nervous system.
    Visi Clear With Lutein, Bilberry, Zeaxanthin & Lycopene, 60 Caps

    Visi Clear Eye Vitamin with Lutein and Bilberry is one of the few products that provide both lutein and whole kale and Zeaxanthin, another powerful carotenoid, to maximize antioxidant activity.
    Vision Formula With Lutein & Bilberry, Eye Supplement, 60 Caps

    Vision formula with Lutein & Bilberry Eye Supplement supports normal eye function by utilizing Lutein, a key carotenoid found in fruits and vegetables, which protects the retina by blocking harmful blue light.
    Vitamin A, 100% Natural, Nature's Way, 100 Softgels

    Nature's Way Vitamin A is 100% natural from fish liver oil. It contains no artificial ingredients or preservatives.
    Vitamin B-100 Complex, With Coenzyme B-2, Nature's Way, 631 mg, 100 Caps

    A complete Vitamin B complex of 8 essential vitamins. B Vitamins are precursors of coenzymes involved in the conversion of cellular energy, manufacture of hormones and proteins, and repair and maintenance of nerve structures.
    Vitamin B-12 Supplements & Products

    An assortment of various B-12 products.
    Vitamin C 1000 With Bioflavonoids, Nature's Way, 100% Natural, 1000 mg, 250 VCaps

    Nature's Way Vitamin C With Bioflavonoids provides antioxidant protection for many of the body's important enzyme systems.
    Zinc Chelate, 100% Natural, Zinc Supplement, Nature's Way, 30 mg, 100 Caps

    Nature's Way chelated Zinc supplement is 100% natural chelated with an advanced amino acid complex for superior absorption.
    Zinc Lozenges With Echinacea & Vitamin C, Nature's Way, 23 mg, 60 Lozenges

    Nature's Way Zinc lozenge boosts cold season defense with zinc, widely recognized as an important nutritional support during the cold season, and echinacea pupurea, clinically shown to support the immune system, and Vitamin C, a vitally important vitamin for general health maintenance.





  • Herbal Remedies: Eye Problem Information


  • Herbal Remedies: Bitot's Spots Supplements, Information & Products


  • Herbal Remedies: Bitot's Spots Information


  • Herbal Remedies: Dry Eye Syndrome Supplements, Information & Products


  • Herbal Remedies: Dry Eye Syndrome Information


  • Herbal Remedies: Enzymes & Digestive Enzyme Supplements





  • LINKS

  • Vitamin A deficiency & the prevalence of xerophthalmia in Southern Rwanda
  • A prevalence of study of xerophthalmia in the Philippines
  • Malnutrition & xerophthalmia in rural communities of Ethiopia





    BOOKS

    Nutritional Blindness: Xerophthalmia and Keratomalacia
    - By Alfred Sommer





    NOTIFY YOUR HEALTH CARE PROVIDER IF...

  • You or a family member (such as a child) is having problems distinguishing colors or find colors confusing. This member may need to be tested for color blindness.


  • You or a family member are having problems with vision and/or you suspect an infection. Call your health care provider immediately if you experience severe eye pain or a sudden change in your vision, such as loss of vision or double vision.


  • You have any increase of symptoms. You may need frequent changes in your eyeglass prescription. If you have blurred or double vision that develops slowly; are having a problem seeing because of daytime glare or have difficulty driving at night because of glare from headlights, you need to see your health care provider.


  • You have any unexpected or unusual symptoms. There may be underlying health issues that need to be addressed.


  • Are having vision problems that are affecting your ability to perform daily activities.


  • Call your child's health care provider if your baby does not look directly at or respond readily to faces or large, colorful objects by age 2 to 3 months or if your child scowls, squints, or shields his or her eyes more than expected when in sunlight, or light seems to hurt your child's eyes.


  • You and your family members should have your eyesight checked regularly by your health care provider to rule out any problems and to receive a prescription for contacts or eyeglasses, if they are needed. Preserve you vision... it is very important.





  • TYPES OF EYE PROBLEMS & DISORDERS

    Maintaining Healthy Eyes
    Bags Under The Eyes
    Bitot's Spots
    Blepharitis
    Bloodshot Eyes
    Blurred Vision
    Cataracts
    Colorblindness
    Conjunctivitis (Pinkeye)
    Corneal Ulcer
    Diabetic Retinopathy
    Dimness or Loss of Vision
    Dry Eyes
    Eyestrain
    Floaters
    Glaucoma
    Itchy or Tired Eyes
    Macular Degeneration
    Mucus In The Eyes
    Photophobia
    Pinkeye
    Retinal Edema
    Retinal Hemorrhage
    Retinitis Pigmentosa
    Scotoma
    Shingles (Herpes Zoster)
    Stye
    Thinning Eyelashes
    Ulcerated Eye
    Ulcerated Eyelid
    Vascular Retinopathy
    Xerophthalmia





    HELPFUL RELATED LINKS

    MoonDragon's Health & Wellness: Nutrition Basics - Vitamin A

    MoonDragon's Nutrition Guidelines & Index





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