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BASIC INFORMATION
DESCRIPTION
Some people are thinner than average all their lives and are perfectly healthy that way. This may be due to a high metabolic rate in which the body burns calories (fuel) from food faster and more effectively than usual. For others, however, underweight may be associated with health problems or due to an eating disorder, such as anorexia and/or bulimia. This is particularly true if the condition results from unintended, perhaps sudden, weight loss.
Malnutrition is a disparity between the amount of food and other nutrients that the body needs and the amount that it is receiving. This imbalance is most frequently associated with undernutrition. Undernutrition occurs when one or more vital nutrients are not present in the quantity that is needed for the body to develop and function normally. This may be due to insufficient intake, increased loss, increased demand, or a condition or disease that decreases the body's ability to digest and absorb nutrients from available food. While the need for adequate nutrition is a constant, the demands of the body will vary, both on a daily and yearly basis.
The term underweight refers to a human who is considered to be under a healthy weight. The definition is usually made with reference to the body mass index (BMI). A BMI of under 18.5 is usually referred to as underweight. This medical definition of underweight may differ from other uses of the term, such as those based on attractiveness.
Diagnosing an individual as "underweight" can be tricky because acceptable weight is subjective. A weight that is okay to one person may not be pleasing to someone else with the same body type. A general rule of thumb is someone 10 percent to 20 percent below ideal body weight (as outlined by the Body Mass Index scale). People who are underweight also experience fatigue, coldness, low energy and listlessness.
BMI is equal to or less than 18.5 (Underweight).
A lean BMI can indicate that your weight maybe too low. You should consult your health care provider to determine if you should gain weight, as low body mass can decrease your body's immune system, which could lead to illness such as disappearance of periods (women), bone loss, malnutrition and other conditions. The lower your BMI the greater these risks become.
Body Mass Index (BMI)
Body mass index, or BMI, is a new term to most people. However, it is the measurement of choice for many health care providers and researchers studying obesity. BMI uses a mathematical formula that takes into account both a person's height and weight. BMI equals a person's weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared. (BMI=kg/m2).
BMI FORMULA
This is the mathematical BMI Formula.
English BMI Formula
BMI = ( Weight in Pounds / [ Height in inches ] x [ Height in inches ] ) x 703
Metric BMI Formula
BMI = ( Weight in Kilograms / [ Height in Meters ] x [ Height in Meters ] )
Risk of Associated Disease According to BMI and Waist Size BMI Waist less than or equal to
40 in. (men) or
35 in. (women)Waist greater than
40 in. (men) or
35 in. (women)18.5 or less Underweight -- N/A 18.5 - 24.9 Normal -- N/A 25.0 - 29.9 Overweight Increased High 30.0 - 34.9 Obese High Very High 35.0 - 39.9 Obese Very High Very High 40 or greater Extremely Obese Extremely High Extremely High
Determining Your Body Mass Index (BMI)
The table below has already done the math and metric conversions. To use the table, find the appropriate height in the left-hand column. Move across the row to the given weight. The number at the top of the column is the BMI for that height and weight. Or, use the BMI calculator.
BMI
(kg/m2)19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 35 40 Height
(in.)Weight (lb.) 58 91 96 100 105 110 115 119 124 129 134 138 143 167 191 59 94 99 104 109 114 119 124 128 133 138 143 148 173 198 60 97 102 107 112 118 123 128 133 138 143 148 153 179 204 61 100 106 111 116 122 127 132 137 143 148 153 158 185 211 62 104 109 115 120 126 131 136 142 147 153 158 164 191 218 63 107 113 118 124 130 135 141 146 152 158 163 169 197 225 64 110 116 122 128 134 140 145 151 157 163 169 174 204 232 65 114 120 126 132 138 144 150 156 162 168 174 180 210 240 66 118 124 130 136 142 148 155 161 167 173 179 186 216 247 67 121 127 134 140 146 153 159 166 172 178 185 191 223 255 68 125 131 138 144 151 158 164 171 177 184 190 197 230 262 69 128 135 142 149 155 162 169 176 182 189 196 203 236 270 70 132 139 146 153 160 167 174 181 188 195 202 207 243 278 71 136 143 150 157 165 172 179 186 193 200 208 215 250 286 72 140 147 154 162 169 177 184 191 199 206 213 221 258 294 73 144 151 159 166 174 182 189 197 204 212 219 227 265 302 74 148 155 163 171 179 186 194 202 210 218 225 233 272 311 75 152 160 168 176 184 192 200 208 216 224 232 240 279 319 76 156 164 172 180 189 197 205 213 221 230 238 246 287 328
Body weight in pounds according to height and body mass index.
Body Mass Index (BMI) Calculator
Calculate Your Body Mass
(Department of Health & Human Services - NIH)
CDC: Healthy Weight - Assessing your Weight (BMI)
HUNGER & MALNUTRITION
If you are a parent raising a picky eater, you may worry that your child is not getting the nutrients necessary for proper growth and development. But you probably do not need to worry unless your health care provider tells you that your child is not growing at the normal rate for that age range. Over time, most finicky eaters do get enough calories and nutrients to meet their needs. Getting a finicky eater to eat a balanced diet often takes creativity and persistence as well a great deal of patience (and maybe a little sneakiness as well).
Everyone feels hungry at times. Hunger is the body's signal that it needs food. Once we have eaten enough food to satisfy our bodies' needs, hunger goes away until our stomachs are empty again.
Malnutrition is not the same thing as hunger, although they often go together. People who are malnourished lack the nutrients needed for proper health and development. Someone can be malnourished for a long or short period of time, and the condition may be mild or severe. People who are malnourished are more likely to get sick and, in severe cases, may even die.
Unfortunately, there are millions of people in the world who do not get enough to eat most of the time and are at risk for malnutrition. Chronic hunger and malnutrition can cause significant health problems. People who go hungry all the time are likely to be underweight, weighing significantly less than an average person of their size. Their growth may also be stunted, making them much shorter than average. People can also be underweight or short because they have an illness or because of their genetic makeup. Worldwide, as many as 27 percent of children younger than age 5 are underweight.
CAUSES
The most common cause of a person being underweight is primarily malnutrition caused by the unavailability of adequate food, which can run as high as 50 percent in parts of south Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. People who do not get enough food often experience hunger, and hunger can lead to malnutrition over the long term. The effects of primary malnutrition may be amplified by disease, even easily treatable diseases such as diarrhea may lead to death.
Some people can become malnourished for reasons that have nothing to do with hunger and being hungry. Even people who have plenty to eat may be malnourished if they do not eat food that provides the necessary nutrients, vitamins, minerals and protein needed for the body to be healthy.
In the presence of adequate food resources, being underweight can sometimes be the result of mental or physical disease. There are hundreds of possible medical causes for excessive weight loss or a person being underweight. Some of the more common health-related medical problems that can result in unintended weight loss include:
- Anorexia nervosa.
- Bulimia nervosa.
- Anxiety and depressive disorders.
- Stress, or trauma, such as the loss of a loved one, can also contribute to loss of appetite and weight loss.
- Poverty.
- Famine.
- Torture.
- Intestinal parasites.
- Certain types of cancer or cancer treatment.
- Malfunctioning digestive organs.
- A colon disorder such as an inflammatory bowel disease which includes Crohn's disease, diverticulitis, ulcerative colitis.
- Chronic illness such as type 1 diabetes, chronic diarrhea, or hyperthyroidism.
- HIV/AIDS.
- Tuberculosis.
- Drug use, especially stimulants.
- Gum Disease and Dental pain.
- Surgery.
- Over-training (endurance sports).
- Genetics.
- Naturally light weight.
CANCER & CANCER THERAPY
Underweight can be caused by treatments such as cancer chemotherapy and radiation therapy, whose side effects include nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite.
MoonDragon's Health & Wellness: Cancer
EATING DISORDERS
An individual who is underweight but believes he or she weights too much may be suffer from an eating disorder. Eating disorders can be a serious, life-threatening condition and should not be taken lightly. Two of the most common are anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa.
INADEQUATE CALORIC INTAKE
Thinness due to an inadequate caloric intake is a serious condition, especially in young people. Diseases like tuberculosis, respiratory disorders, pneumonia, circulatory diseases like heart disorders, cerebral hemorrhage, nephritis, typhoid fever, and cancer are quite common among them.
INADEQUATE NUTRITION OR BAD EATING HABITS
Thinness may be due to inadequate nutrition or excessive bodily activity, or both. Emotional factors or bad eating habits such as skipping meals, small meals, habitual fasting, and inadequate exercise can also cause it.
INADEQUATE DIGESTION, METABOLIC DISTURBANCES & DISORDERS
Other factors include inadequate digestion and absorption of food due to a wrong dietary pattern for a particular metabolism, metabolic disturbances such as an overactive thyroid, and hereditary tendencies. Disorders such as chronic dyspepsia, chronic diarrhea, presence of intestinal worms, liver disorders, diabetes mellitus, insomnia, constipation, and sexual disorders can also lead to thinness.
MALABSORPTION, MALNUTRITION & DIGESTIVE DISORDERS
Unintended weight loss can result from a malabsorption problem. Malabsorption is the failure of the body to properly absorb vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients from food. Even though his or her diet is adequate, and individual with malabsorption develops various nutritional deficiencies. This problem can result form impaired digestion, impaired absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream from the digestive tract (especially the small intestine), or both.
Digestive disorders are among the most common health problems in America today. Impaired digestion leads to malabsorption because if food is not broken down properly, the nutrients it contains cannot be absorbed through the linings of the intestines. The intestinal tract, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder all have parts to play in the uptake of nutrients. Consequently, anything that interferes with the proper functioning of any of these can lead to impaired digestion. Some factors that can contribute to impaired digestion are a lack of adequate levels of digestive enzymes; food allergies; a diet deficient in nutrients, such as the B vitamins, that are needed to produce digestive enzymes; and diseases of the pancreas, gallbladder, liver and bile ducts that result in a lack of bile and essential enzymes. Although any type of nutrient may be affected by poor digestion, lipids (fats) are affected most often. In addition to causing nutritional deficiencies, the failure to digest food properly causes gastrointestinal problems. Undigested food ferments in the intestinal tract, causing gas, bloating, and abdominal pain and discomfort.
Even if food is properly digested, there may be a problem that prevents nutrients from being taken up by the bloodstream and used to nourish the body tissues. Damage to the intestinal walls, through which nutrients are absorbed, is one such problem. Disorders such as celiac disease, colitis, Crohn's disease, diverticulitis, irritable bowel syndrome, lactose intolerance, parasitic infestation, and excessive consumption of alcohol, antacids, or laxatives can all cause intestinal damage. Chronic constipation and/or diarrhea can have the same result. Another problem is too rapid intestinal transit time, which results in nutrients being passed out of the body as waste before they can be absorbed. Radiation therapy, digitalis treatment, and surgery that shortens the intestinal tract all reduce the absorptive area, and therefore the absorptive capacity of the small bowel.
Other factors that can contribute to a malfunction of the absorption mechanism include a poor diet; excess mucus covering the intestinal lining (most commonly a result of the over-consumption of mucus-forming, and processed foods); an imbalance in intestinal bacterial flora, such as in candidiasis; the use of certain medications, such as neomycin (an antibiotic), colchicine (an anti-gout drug); food allergies; and illnesses such as cancer and AIDS.
HIV & AIDS
People with AIDS are particularly prone to malabsorption problems because of chronic diarrhea, loss of appetite, and an overgrowth of Candida albicans in the digestive tract. Obstructions in the lymphatic system may also interfere with nutrient absorption. They often suffer from what is known as "wasting syndrome", in which they become more and more emaciated as the disease progresses.
CELIAC DISEASE
A person with celiac disease has intestinal problems that are triggered by a protein called gluten, which is found in wheat, rye, barley, and oats.
CYSTIC FIBROSIS
People with cystic fibrosis have trouble absorbing nutrients because the disease affects the pancreas, an organ that normally produces enzymes necessary for digestion.
LACTOSE INTOLERANCE
People who are lactose intolerant have difficulty digesting milk and other dairy products. By avoiding dairy products, they are at higher risk of malnutrition because milk and dairy products provide 75 percent of the calcium in America's food supply.
IRON DEFICIENT ANEMIA
If a person does not get enough of one specific nutrient, that is a form of malnutrition (although it may not mean the person will become seriously ill unless it is an advanced chronic condition). The most common form of malnutrition in the world is iron deficiency, which affects up to 80 percent of the world's population - as many as 4-5 billion people. Iron is found in foods like red meat, egg yolks, and fortified flour, bread, and cereals.
PELLAGRA
Another vitamin deficiency disease is Pellagra. It is caused by a long-term shortage of B vitamins, particularly vitamin B-3 (niacin). Pellagra is a common disease, especially in underdeveloped countries. In developed countries, the disease is mostly confined to the alcoholic population.
OTHER MALABSORPTION, WEIGHT LOSS & UNDERWEIGHT-RELATED HEALTH DISORDER LINKS
SYMPTOMS
UNDERWEIGHT SYMPTOMS
The most common symptom of underweight is a fatigue feeling. Underweight people often feel easily fatigued, have poor physical stamina and low resistance to infection.
MALNUTRITION SYMPTOMS
Malnutrition harms both the body and the mind. The more malnourished someone is, the more nutrients that are missing and the more likely he or she is to have physical problems. A child who is slightly to moderately malnourished may show no outward physical symptoms. Indications of malnutrition depend on which nutritional deficiencies a person has, although they can include:
- Fatigue and low energy.
- Dizziness.
- Poor immune function (which can hamper the body's ability to fight off infections).
- Dry, scaly skin.
- Swollen and bleeding gums.
- Decaying teeth.
- Slowed reaction times and trouble paying attention.
- Underweight.
- Poor growth.
- Muscle weakness.
- Bloated stomach.
- Osteoporosis, or fragile bones that break easily.
- Problems with organ function.
Malnourished women tend to have more problems with infertility. If a pregnant woman is malnourished, her child may weigh less at birth (low birth weight) and have a lower chance of survival. Lack of sufficient folic acid during pregnancy may result in neural tube birth defects, such as spina bifida. A malnourished pregnant woman has a higher risk of miscarriage, toxemia (preeclampsia/eclampsia), premature labor and birth, and delivery problems such as postpartum hemorrhage.
Vitamin A deficiency from malnutrition is the chief cause of preventable blindness in the developing world, and people with severe vitamin A deficiency have a greater chance of getting sick or dying from infections such as diarrhea or measles.
Iodine deficiency, another form of malnutrition, can cause mental retardation and delayed development.
Iron deficiency can make people less active and less able to concentrate. Teens who are malnourished often have trouble keeping up in school.
MALABSORPTION SYMPTOMS
Common symptoms of malabsorption syndrome include:
- Constipation or diarrhea.
- Dry skin.
- Fatigue.
- Gas (flatulence).
- Mental difficulties such as depression or inability to concentrate.
- Muscle cramps and/or weakness.
- Premenstrual syndrome (PMS).
- Steatorrhea (pale, bulky, fatty stools).
- Tendency to bruise easily.
- Failure to grow normally.
- Thinning hair.
- Unexplained weight loss.
- Vision difficulties, especially night vision problems.
- Abdominal discomfort may be present.
A combination of anemia, diarrhea, and weight loss is typical. However, in some individuals, paradoxically, obesity. may result, if fats are deposited in the tissues rather than being utilized properly by the body. In addition, in an attempt to get the nutrients it needs but is not absorbing, the body may begin to crave more and more food, often leading to the consumption of many empty and/or fat calories.
MALNUTRITION RISK FACTORS
All over the world, people who are poor or who live in poverty-stricken areas are at the greatest risk for hunger and malnutrition. In poor countries, wars and natural disasters such as droughts and earthquakes may also contribute to hunger and malnutrition by disrupting normal food production and distribution.
In the United States, food manufacturers fortify some common foods with vitamins and minerals to prevent certain nutritional deficiencies. For example, the addition of iodine to salt helps prevent some thyroid gland problems (such as goiter), folic acid added to foods can help prevent certain birth defects, and added iron can help prevent iron-deficiency anemia.
Malnutrition affects people of every age, although infants, children, and adolescents may suffer the most because many nutrients are critical for growth and development. Older people may develop malnutrition because aging, illness, and other factors can lead to a poor appetite, so they may not eat enough.
Children and teens on special diets - such as vegetarians - need to eat balanced meals and a variety of foods to get the right nutrients. Vegetarians and vegans should make sure they get enough protein and vitamins like vitamin B-12.
Elderly patients require fewer calories but continue to require adequate nutritional support. They are often less able to absorb nutrients due in part to decreased stomach acid production and are more likely to have one or more chronic ailments that may affect their nutritional status. At the same time, they may have more difficulty preparing meals and may have less access to a variety of nutritious foods. Older patients also frequently eat less due to a decreased appetite, decreased sense of smell, and/or mechanical difficulties with chewing or swallowing.
Acute conditions such as surgery, severe burns, infections, and trauma can drastically increase short-term nutritional requirements. Those patients who have been malnourished for some time may have compromised immune systems and a poorer prognosis. They frequently take longer to heal from surgical procedures and must spend more days in the hospital. For this reason, many health care provider screen and then monitor the nutritional status of their hospitalized patients. Patients having surgery are frequently evaluated both prior to surgery and during their recovery process.
Chronic diseases may be associated with nutrient loss, nutrient demand, and with malabsorption (the inability of the body to use one or more available nutrients). Malabsorption may occur with chronic diseases such as celiac disease, cystic fibrosis, pancreatic insufficiency, and pernicious anemia. An increased loss of nutrients may be seen with chronic kidney disease, diarrhea, and hemorrhaging. Sometimes conditions and their treatments can both cause malnutrition through decreased intake. Examples of this are the decreased appetite, difficulty swallowing, and nausea associated both with cancer (and chemotherapy), and with HIV/AIDS (and its drug therapies). Increased loss, malabsorption, and decreased intake may also be seen in patients who chronically abuse drugs and/or alcohol.
Alcohol can interfere with nutrient absorption, so alcoholics might not benefit from the vitamins and minerals they consume. People who abuse drugs or alcohol can be malnourished or underweight if they do not eat properly.
MALABSORPTION RISK FACTORS
Risk factors for malabsorption syndrome include:
- Premature birth.
- Family history of malabsorption or cystic fibrosis.
- Use of certain drugs, such as mineral oil or other laxatives.
- Travel to foreign countries.
- Intestinal surgery, including bowel transplantation.
- Excess alcohol consumption.
NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCY PROBLEMS
Weight loss may in turn cause nutritional deficiencies that further impair health and complicate recovery. Two ages groups for whom poor nutrition is a special problem are the very young and the very old.
CHILDREN & CHILDHOOD MALNUTRITION
Malnutrition in childhood, especially infancy, can have permanent effects because it interferes with normal growth and development. Children also have less in the way of nutritional reserves in their bodies to draw upon if intake or absorption of nutrients is inadequate.
THE ELDERLY & MALNUTRITION
At the other end of the lifespan, many elderly people find themselves less and less interested in eating as time goes by, and reduced financial resources may add to the incentive to skip meals. As a result, older people have an increased risk of becoming malnourished.
UNDERWEIGHT, WEIGHT LOSS & RELATED RISK FACTORS AMONG OLDER ADULTS IN SHELTERED HOUSING
A Swedish Follow-up Study
Mamhidir AG, Ljunggren G, Kihlgren M, Kihlgren A, Wimo A.
Division of Gerontological Caring Science
Neurotec Department
Karolenska Institetutet
Stockholm, Sweden
anna-greta.mamhidir@lg.se
BACKGROUND: Underweight and weight loss are important factors in detecting malnutrition.
OBJECTIVE: To describe underweight, weight loss and related nutritional factors after 12 months among individuals 75 years or older and living in sheltered housing. A further aim was to identify possible risk factors associated with underweight and weight loss.
DESIGN: This is a part of a cross-sectional follow-up study from a county in Sweden, examining the disabilities, resources and needs of 719 older adults in sheltered housing units. Data were collected twice, with a 12-month interval using the Resident Assessment Instrument.
RESULTS: Among the 503 remaining chronically ill individuals with cognitive and functional disabilities, 35 percent were classified as underweight at the initial assessment and 38 percent at the second, a non-significant difference. A further analysis showed 39 percent had decreased weight, 27 percent remained stable and 28 percent gained weight. A weight loss of 5 percent occurred in 27 percent of the older adults and a loss of 10 percent occurred in 14 percent.
Risk factors associated with being underweight and weight loss, using scales derived from the instrument were cognitive and functional decline. Dementia and Parkinson's disease, eating dependencies and constipation were the strongest risk factors when analyzed as single items.
CONCLUSION: A high percentage was underweight or exhibited weight loss and several risk factors were identified. Ensuring adequate nutritional status in individuals with a variety of diseases and declining health status is challenging. Increased combined efforts using a wide range of measures, nutritional programs and routines need to be regularly implemented.
UNDERWEIGHT & UNDERLYING DISEASE
The most immediate problem with underweight is that it might be secondary to, and/or symptomatic of, an underlying disease. Unexplained weight loss requires professional medical diagnosis.
Underweight can also be a primary causative condition. Severely underweight individuals may have poor physical stamina and a weak immune system, leaving them open to infection. According to Robert E. Black of the Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, "Underweight status ... and micronutrient deficiencies also cause decreases in immune and non-immune host defenses, and should be classified as underlying causes of death if followed by infectious diseases that are the terminal associated causes." People who are malnutrative underweight raise special concerns, as not only gross caloric intake may be inadequate, but also intake and absorption of other vital nutrients, especially essential amino acids and micronutrients such as vitamins and minerals.
In women, being grossly underweight can result in amenorrhea (absence of menstruation) and possible complications during pregnancy. It can also cause anemia and hair loss.
Underweight is an established risk factor for osteoporosis even for young people. This is a particular insidious consequence, because the affected persons do not notice the danger, they can feel fit and may be brilliant for example in endurance sports. After the occurrence of first spontaneous fractures the damage is often already irreversible.
COMMON NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCIES & SYMPTOMS ASSOCIATED WITH MALABSORPTION
Regardless of how good your diet is or how many supplements you take, if you suffer from malabsorption syndrome, you will have nutritional deficiencies. These in turn lead to other problems.
The impaired absorption of protein can induce edema (swelling of the tissues due to fluid retention).
A lack of potassium and other electrolytes can result in muscle weakness and muscle cramping and cardiovascular problems, such as irregular heart rhythms.
Anemia results from a lack of needed iron, Vitamin B-12 and folic acid with weakness and fatigue. Anemia is a decrease in the number of red blood cells in th bloodstream, characterized by pallor, loss of energy, and generalized weakness.
Diarrhea, steatorrhea (excessive amounts of fat in the stool), and abdominal distension with cramps, bloating, and gas due to impaired water and carbohydrate absorption, and irritation from unabsorbed fatty acids. The individual may also report explosive diarrhea with greasy, foul-smelling stools.
Calcium and vitamin D deficiency result in bone loss and tetany, a condition characterized by painful muscle spasms, muscle cramping and tremors.
Muscle wasting and atrophy (wasting away of a tissue or organ) due to decreased protein absorption and metabolism.
Edema (fluid retention in the body's tissues, excessive generalized edema may also be referred to as ascites) due to decreased protein absorption. This is important to be aware of during pregnancy since insufficient dietary protein can lead to toxemia of pregnancy (preeclampsia-eclampsia).
Bruising easily and blood clotting disorders results from a lack of vitamin K.
Night blindness may result from a lack of Vitamin A.
Perianal skin burning, itching, or soreness due to frequent loose stools.
Malnutrition and weight loss due to decreased fat, carbohydrate, and protein absorption. Weight may be 80-90 percent of unusual weight despite increased oral intake of nutrients.
Malabsorption is also self-perpetuating, the failure to absorb B vitamins and to transfer amino acids across the intestinal lining interferes with the production of needed digestive enzymes and causes further malabsorption, since these nutrients are essential in the absorption process itself. A vicious cycle results.
THE BODY & MALABSORPTION
Besides being a serious condition in itself, malabsorption is a factor in other medical and physical problems. The body needs all nutrients in balance because they work in concert. If there is a deficiency in even a single nutrient, the body can no longer function as it should, and all kinds of things go awry. The result is disease. Malabsorption is a common contributing factor to a wide range of disorders, including cancer, heart disease, osteoporosis, and - because immune function is damaged by a lack of necessary nutrients - all types of infection.
Several disorders can lead to malabsorption syndrome, including cystic fibrosis, chronic pancreatitis, lactose intolerance, and gluten enteropathy (non-tropical sprue). Cystic fibrosis is a hereditary genetic disorder that occurs most often in Caucasians. Thick, sticky secretions from mucous-producing glands cause blockages in the pancreatic ducts and the airways.
Lactose intolerance is a common disorder caused by a lack of a specific enzyme necessary to break down a sugar in milk, resulting in diarrhea, cramps, and gas.
Celiac disease is a hereditary disorder involving an intolerance to gluten, a protein found in wheat and rye flours. Symptoms include a failure to grow and the passage of fatty, foul-smelling stools that float to the top of the toilet water. The disorder often can be diagnosed on the basis of symptoms and confirmed by examining a small sample of intestinal tissue. As the disease progresses, the finger-like projections that line the intestinal walls, and from which nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream, become flattened and smooth. Treatment involves consuming a gluten-free diet.
Topical sprue is a malabsorption disorder that is uncommon in the United States, but is seen more often in people from the Caribbean, India, or southeast Asia. Although its cause is unknown, it is thought to be related to environmental factors, including infection, intestinal parasites, or possibly the consumption of certain food toxins. Symptoms often include a sore tongue, anemia, weight loss, along with diarrhea and passage of fatty stools.
Whipple's disease is a relatively rare malabsorptive disorder, affecting mostly middle-aged men. The cause is thought to be related to bacterial infection, resulting in nutritional deficiencies, chronic low-grade fever, diarrhea, joint pain, weight loss, and darkening of the skin's pigmentation. Other organs of the body may be affected, including the brain, heart, lungs, and eyes.
Short bowel syndromes-which may be present at birth (congenital) or the result of surgery-reduce the surface area of the bowel available to absorb nutrients and can also result in malabsorption syndrome. Congenital short bowel syndrome occurs in about 24 out of 100,000 live births and has a high mortality rate (about 38%).
MALABSORPTION & AGING
Malabsorption is also a significant factor in the overall aging process, and it may account for the fact that some people seem to age more rapidly than others. As we age, the intestinal tract gets "out of shape" and the lining becomes covered with hard fecal matter and mucus, which makes absorption of nutrients more difficult. This is one reason why older people need to consume greater amounts of nutrients. It is also why it is so important to keep the colon clean. Fecal deposits can irritate the nerve endings in the colon leading to spastic colon or inflamed colon. Both of these conditions interfere with bowel function and with the proper absorption of nutrients. In addition, the impacted deposits decay after a time, releasing toxins that can seep into the bloodstream, poisoning the organs and tissues.
MALABSORPTION & NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENTS
People with malabsorption syndrome must take in more nutrients than the average person to compensate, and to treat and correct the problem. In supplying these nutrients, it is best to bypass the intestinal tract as much as possible. When choosing supplements, sustained-release and large, hard tablets should be avoided. Many people with malabsorption problems are unable to break down supplements taken in hard pill form; some even discharge pills whole in the stool.
Injections, powders, liquids, and lozenges provide nutrients in forms that are more easily assimilated and therefore are preferred.
SYMPTOMS OF NUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES Nutrient Symptoms Calcium Bone pain and deformities; greater likelihood of fractures (due to bone thinning or osteoporosis); muscle spasms; tooth discoloration and greater susceptibility to painful tooth decay. Folate (Folic Acid) Fatigue and weakness (due to anemia). Iron Fatigue and weakness (due to anemia). Magnesium Muscle spasms. Niacin Diarrhea; skin disorders; confusion (pellagra); sore tongue. Protein Tissue swelling (edema), usually in legs; dry skin; hair loss. Vitamin A Night blindness. Vitamin B-1 Pins-&-needles sensation, especially in the feet; heart failure. Vitamin B-2 Sore tongue; cracks at edge of mouth. Vitamin B-12 Fatigue and weakness (due to anemia); pins-&-needles sensation; confusion. Vitamin C Weakness; bleeding gums. Vitamin D Bone thinning; bone pain. Vitamin K Tendency to bruise and bleed.
DIAGNOSIS & TREATMENT
DIAGNOSIS
The diagnosis of underweight problems, malnutrition, malabsorption syndrome and identification of the underlying cause can require extensive diagnostic testing. A health care provider suspects malabsorption when a person has chronic diarrhea, nutritional deficiencies, substantial weight loss despite a healthy diet. Malabsorption is less obvious and often more difficult to recognize in older people than in younger people.
The first phase involves a thorough medical history and physical examination by a health care practitioner, who will then determine the appropriate laboratory studies and x-rays to assist in diagnosis.
A 72-hour (2-3 days) stool collection may be ordered for fecal fat measurement. Increased fecal fat in the stool collected indicates malabsorption and is one of the most reliable test for diagnosing malabsorption of fat. A finding of more than 7 grams of fat in the stool daily is the hallmark of malabsorption. Stool samples are examined with the unaided eye as well as under the microscope. Undigested food fragments may mean that food passes through the intestine too rapidly. In a person with jaundice, stool with excess fat indicates decreased production or secretion of bile. Sometimes parasites or their eggs are seen under the microscope, suggesting that malabsorption is caused by a parasitic infection.
Other laboratory tests can detect malabsorption of other specific nutrients, such as lactose or vitamin B-12.
Pancreatic function tests are performed if the health care provider thinks that the cause of malabsorption may be the insufficient production of digestive enzymes by the pancreas. However, some of these tests are complex, time-consuming, and invasive. In one test, a tube is passed through the mouth and guided to the small intestine, so that intestinal fluids containing pancreatic secretions can be collected and measured. In another test, the person swallows a substance that requires pancreatic enzymes for its digestion. The products of digestion are then measured in the urine.
A biopsy of the small intestine may be done to assist in differentiating between malabsorption syndrome and small bowel disease. A biopsy may be needed to detect abnormalities in the lining of the small intestine. The tissue is removed through an endoscope (a flexible viewing tube equipped with a light source and a small clipper) passed through the mouth and into the small intestine.
Ultrasound, computed tomography scan (CT scan), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), barium enema, or other x rays to identify abnormalities of the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas may also be ordered.
A newer method of obtaining diagnostic information about the small intestine was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2001. Known as the M2A Imaging System, the device was developed by a company in Atlanta, Georgia. The M2A system consists of an imaging capsule, a portable belt-pack image receiver and recorder, and a specially modified computer. The patient swallows the capsule, which is the size of a large pill. A miniature lens in the capsule transmits images through an antenna/transmitter to the belt-pack receiver, which the patient wears under ordinary clothing as he or she goes about daily activities. The belt-pack recording device is returned after seven or eight hours to the health care provider, who then examines the images recorded as a digital video. The capsule itself is simply allowed to pass through the digestive tract.
Preparation requires only fasting the night before the M2A examination and taking nothing but clear liquids for two hours after swallowing the capsule. After four hours the patient can eat food without interfering with the test. As of the early 2000s, the M2A system is used to evaluate gastrointestinal bleeding from unknown causes, inflammatory bowel disease, some malabsorption syndromes, and to monitor surgical patients following small-bowel transplantation.
Laboratory studies of the blood may include:
- Serum cholesterol. May be low due to decreased fat absorption and digestion.
- Serum sodium, potassium, and chloride. May be low due to electrolyte losses with diarrhea.
- Serum calcium. May be low due to vitamin D and amino acid malabsorption.
- Serum protein and albumin. May be low due to protein losses.
- Serum vitamin A and carotene. May be low due to bile salt deficiency and impaired fat absorption.
- D-xylose test. Decreased excretion may indicate malabsorption.
- Schilling test. May indicate malabsorption of vitamin B-12.
CONVENTIONAL MEDICAL TREATMENT
WEIGHT GAIN
If an individual is severely underweight to the point where problems with his or her health develop, it may be necessary for the person to make a concentrated effort to gain weight. The treatment for an underweight individual is to increase the food energy intake so that more food energy is consumed than is being used as work. It is usually suggested that weight training is also to be undertaken to increase muscle mass.
If weight loss results from a disease, resolving the illness and consuming adequate calories can bring many underweight individuals to a healthy body weight.
MALNOURISHMENT IN CHILDREN
During infancy, adolescence, and pregnancy additional nutritional support is crucial for normal growth and development. A severe shortage of food will lead to a condition in children called marasmus that is characterized by a thin body and stunted growth. If enough calories are given, but the food is lacking in protein, a child may develop kwashiorkor - a condition characterized by edema (fluid retention), an enlarged liver, apathy, and delayed development. Deficiencies of specific vitamins can affect bone and tissue formation. A lack of Vitamin D, for instance, can affect bone formation - causing rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults, while a deficiency in folic acid during pregnancy can cause birth defects.
Fortunately, many of the harmful effects of malnutrition can be reversed, especially if a child is only mildly or briefly malnourished. If you think your child is not getting enough of the right nutrients, talk to your health care provider, who may perform a physical exam and ask about the types and amounts of food your child eats. The health care provider may also:
- Measure height, weight, and body mass index (BMI) to see if they are within a healthy range for your child's age.
- Order blood tests to check for abnormalities.
- Use X-rays or CT scans to look for signs of malnutrition in organs and bones.
- Check for underlying conditions that could cause malnutrition.
Treatment for malnutrition depends on its cause. A health care provider or dietitian might recommend specific changes in the types and quantities of foods your child eats, and may prescribe dietary supplements, such as vitamins and minerals. If there is an underlying problem causing the malnutrition, the health care provider will help you find ways to ensure your child gets the necessary nutrients.
The Picky Eater
Parents often worry that kids who seem to live on peanut butter sandwiches or hide at the sight of vegetables might not eat enough to stay healthy. Few kids in the United States and other developed nations experience severe malnutrition like that seen in underdeveloped countries. Even finicky eaters usually get adequate calories and nutrients.
The best way for parents to ensure that kids are properly nourished is to serve a variety of healthy foods and limit unhealthy snacks. Keep in mind, children will often eat more during growing spurts and less when they are between growing spurts.
If you are concerned that your child's energy level is lagging or that he or she is not growing as fast as other kids of the same age, share your concerns with your health care provider.
MALABSORPTION TREATMENT
Fluid and nutrient monitoring and replacement is essential for any individual with malabsorption syndrome. Hospitalization may be required when severe fluid and electrolyte imbalances occur. Consultation with a dietitian to assist with nutritional support and meal planning is helpful. If the patient is able to eat, the diet and supplements should provide bulk and be rich in carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals, and vitamins. The patient should be encouraged to eat several small, frequent meals throughout the day, avoiding fluids and foods that promote diarrhea. Intake and output should be monitored, along with the number, color, and consistency of stools.
The individual with malabsorption syndrome must be monitored for dehydration, including dry tongue, mouth and skin; increased thirst; low, concentrated urine output; or feeling weak or dizzy when standing. Pulse and blood pressure should be monitored, observing for increased or irregular pulse rate, or hypotension (low blood pressure). The individual should also be alert for signs of nutrient, vitamin, and mineral depletion, including nausea or vomiting; fissures at corner of mouth; fatigue or weakness; dry, pluckable hair; easy bruising; tingling in fingers or toes; and numbness or burning sensation in legs or feet. Fluid volume excess, as a result of diminished protein stores, may require fluid intake restrictions. The health care provider should also be notified of any shortness of breath.
Other specific medical management for malabsorption syndrome is dependent upon the cause. Treatment for tropical sprue consists of folic acid supplements and long-term antibiotics. Depending on the severity of the disorder, this treatment may be continued for six months or longer. Whipple's disease also may require long-term use of antibiotics, such as tetracycline. Management of some individuals with malabsorption syndrome may require injections of vitamin B-12 and oral iron supplements. The health care provider may also prescribe enzymes to replace missing intestinal enzymes, or antispasmodics to reduce abdominal cramping and associated diarrhea. People with cystic fibrosis and chronic pancreatitis require pancreatic supplements. Those with lactose intolerance or gluten enteropathy (non-tropical sprue) will have to modify their diets to avoid foods that they cannot properly digest.
PROGNOSIS
The expected course for the individual with malabsorption syndrome varies depending on the cause. The onset of symptoms may be slow and difficult to diagnose. Treatment may be long, complicated, and changed often for optimal effectiveness. Patience and a positive attitude are important in controlling or curing the disorder. Careful monitoring is necessary to prevent additional illnesses cause by nutritional deficiencies.
CONSIDERATIONS
UNDERWEIGHT CONSIDERATIONS
Unexplained (and perhaps unwanted) weight loss among older adults can have a variety of causes, many of them are physiological. These can include the following:
- As people grow older, food can lose its appeal as the senses of taste and smell diminish.
- Dental problems may hinder eating habits.
- Older people who live alone may suffer depression, loneliness, and paranoia, and thus neglect their personal diets.
- Medications may reduce appetite or change how people taste food.
- Older people on fixed incomes may not be able to afford their favorite foods.
- Health problems associated with aging often retard the appetite.
Consideration of the appearance and smell of the food, as well as the eating environment, is important when trying to stimulate a poor appetite.
The color red helps to stimulate taste buds.
MALABSORPTION CONSIDERATIONS
Chronic pancreatic insufficiency is a condition in which the pancreas does not secrete enough enzymes for proper digestion. Serious pancreatic disease can lead to malabsorption severe enough to damage the nervous system. Gallbladder and/or liver problems can lead to trouble in the digestion and absorption of essential fatty acids, which are necessary for good health. Impaired absorption of fats in turn can lead to deficiencies of fat-soluble nutrients, such as beta-carotene and vitamins A, D, E, and K.
Treatment of malabsorption requires recognition and, if possible, correction of the underlying cause of the problems, plus a healthful dietary regimen and supplementation. Appropriate medical consultation is needed in cases related to the use of cancer drugs, pancreatic insufficiency, and special problems associated with gastric or intestinal surgery.
Research has found that people who eat food products containing the fat substitute olestra may test false-positive for malabsorption disorder. If you consume foods containing olestra, you should inform your health care provider prior to any such testing.
Certain drugs interfere with the absorption of nutrients. Examples include:
- Corticosteroids.
- Cholestyramine (Questran).
- Sulfasalazine (Azulfidine).
- Antibiotics (especially).
Corticosteroids depress protein synthesis, inhibit normal calcium absorption, and increase the amount of vitamin C lost through secretion.
Cholestyramine interferes with the absorption of the fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K.
Sulfasalazine inhibits the transport of folate and iron.
Antibiotics disrupt the essential bacterial flora of the intestine.
All of these drugs increase the need for nutritional supplements.
HERBAL & HOLISTIC RECOMMENDATIONS
HERBS
UNDERWEIGHT / WEIGHT LOSS HERBS (TO GAIN WEIGHT & STIMULATE THE APPETITE)
Alfalfa, Blessed Thistle, Caraway, Cayenne (Capsicum), Celery, Dill, Hyssop, and Lady's Mantle all work to stimulate the appetite.
Herbal Remedies: Alfalfa Information
Herbal Remedies: Alfalfa Supplements & Products
Herbal Remedies: Blessed Thistle Information
Herbal Remedies: Blessed Thistle Supplements & Products
Herbal Remedies: Caraway Information
Herbal Remedies: Caraway Supplements & Products
Herbal Remedies: Cayenne Information
Herbal Remedies: Cayenne Supplements & Products
Herbal Remedies: Celery Seed Information
Herbal Remedies: Celery Seed Supplements & Products
Herbal Remedies: Dill Seed / Dill Information
Herbal Remedies: Dill Seed / Dill Supplements & Products
Herbal Remedies: Fennel Information
Herbal Remedies: Fennel Supplements & Products
Herbal Remedies: Hyssop Information
Herbal Remedies: Hyssop Supplements & Products
Herbal Remedies: Lady's Mantle Information
Herbal Remedies: Lady's Mantle Supplements & Products
Astragalus protects the immune system, helps with digestion, and combats fatigue.
Herbal Remedies: Astragalus Information
Herbal Remedies: Astragalus Supplements & Products
Fenugreek and Ginseng have long been used as appetite stimulants and digestive aids, especially for older adults. Caution: Do not use Ginseng if you have high blood pressure.
Herbal Remedies: Fenugreek Information
Herbal Remedies: Fenugreek Supplements & Products
Herbal Remedies: Ginseng Information
Herbal Remedies: Ginseng Supplements & Products
MALABSORPTION HERBS
Alfalfa, Dandelion Root, Fennel Seed, Ginger, and Nettle are rich in minerals and can aid the body in absorbing nutrients.
Herbal Remedies: Alfalfa Information
Herbal Remedies: Alfalfa Supplements & Products
Herbal Remedies: Dandelion Information
Herbal Remedies: Dandelion Supplements & Products
Herbal Remedies: Fennel Information
Herbal Remedies: Fennel Supplements & Products
Herbal Remedies: Ginger Information
Herbal Remedies: Ginger Supplements & Products
Herbal Remedies: Nettle Information
Herbal Remedies: Nettle Leaf Supplements & Products
Aloe Vera and Peppermint aid digestion.
Herbal Remedies: Aloe Vera Supplements & Products
Black Pepper contains piperine, which aids in the digestion and absorption of nutrients.
Herbal Remedies: Black Pepper Information
Herbal Remedies: Black Pepper Supplements & Products
Buchu decreases inflammation of the colon and mucous membranes.
Herbal Remedies: Buchu Information
Herbal Remedies: Buchu Supplements & Products
Goldenseal promotes the functioning capacity of the colon, liver, and pancreas. Caution: Do not take goldenseal internally on a daily basis for more than one week at a time, do not use it during pregnancy, and use it with caution if you are allergic to ragweed. If you have a history of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, or glaucoma, use it only under a health care provider's supervision.
Herbal Remedies: Goldenseal Information
Herbal Remedies: Goldenseal Supplements & Products
Irish Moss and Rhubarb are good for colon disorders.
Herbal Remedies: Irish Moss Information
Herbal Remedies: Irish Moss Supplements & Products
Herbal Remedies: Rhubarb Information
Herbal Remedies: Rhubarb Supplements & Products
Yellow Dock improves colon and liver function.
Herbal Remedies: Yellow Dock Information
Herbal Remedies: Yellow Dock Supplements & Products
RECOMMENDATIONS
UNDERWEIGHT RECOMMENDATIONS
If you think you may be underweight, and particularly if you are experiencing unintended weight loss, have a complete medical examination to check for an underlying physical disorder. You may have a health problem that requires treatment. Be concerned about an infant or young child who suddenly seems to stop gaining weight normally.
Eat a diet consisting of at least:
- 300 grams of complex carbohydrates.
- 100 grams of protein.
- 2,500 to 3,000 calories daily.
Include starchy vegetables, such as potatoes and beans, as well as grains, turkey, chicken, fish, eggs, avocados, olive oil, safflower oil, raw cheeses, nuts, and seeds. Eat only whole-grain breads, pasta, crackers, and hot and cold cereals.
Nutrients which help to keep the nerves relaxed are of utmost importance as nervousness causes all the muscles to become tense, and the energy which goes into the tensing wastefully uses up a great deal of food. Although all vitamins and minerals are required for relaxation, the most important once are vitamin D and B-6, calcium, and magnesium. The richest sources of vitamin D are milk, cod-liver oil, and rays of the sun. Calcium is supplied by milk and yoghurt. Magnesium can be obtained from green leafy vegetables such as spinach, parsley, turnip, radish, and beet tops. These vegetables should, preferably, be taken in salad form or should be lightly cooked.
Diet plays an important role in building up health for gaining weight. Underweight persons should eat frequent small meals as they tend to feel full quickly. The weight-building quality of a food is measured by the number of calories it contains. To gain weight the diet should include more calories than are used in daily activities so as to allow the excess to be stored as body fat. The allowance of 500 calories in excess of the daily average needs is estimated to provide for a weight gain of half a kilogram (1.1 pounds) weekly.
Eat non-dairy soy-based cream soups. Soymilk can be used in the same ways as cow's milk. Cream soups are usually higher in protein and calories than broth soups.
Drink herbal teas, fruit and vegetable juices, and mineral water.
Eat frequent but small meals and snacks, and eat them slowly. If you are undernourished, you may lose your appetite if confronted with large amounts of food at one sitting. You can always have additional servings if you are still hungry after the first helping.
Do not eat fried or junk foods for extra calories. Instead, eat high-calorie snacks such as the following between meals or before bedtime:
- Raw cheese.
- Banana soy pudding and banana smoothies (ripe banana in milk).
- Turkey, chicken, or tuna sandwiches with cheese.
- Raw nuts.
- Rice crackers with nut butter.
- Yogurt and yogurt fruit shakes.
- Carob soy milk.
- Almond milk.
- Buttermilk.
- Custard.
- Avocados.
Eliminate from the diet coffee, tea, and anything else (such as soft drinks) that contain caffeine.
If possible, get regular moderate exercise. Walking and similar activities (such as dancing, yoga, meditation, and massage) are good. Moderate exercise helps in the assimilation of nutrients and serve as relaxants to reduce stress, induce good sleeping patterns and are helpful in increasing the appetite. Yogasanas which are especially helpful are sarvangasana, halasana, and matsyasana. Avoid strenuous exercise.
Eat in relaxed surroundings. Do not try to eat when you are upset or nervous.
If you smoke, stop.
Investigate the possibility of food allergies. Avoid any foods you think you may be allergic to.
Consult your health care provider about any medications you may be taking. Some medications can cause a decrease in appetite and weight loss.
If other people comment on your thinness but you feel you actually could stand to lose more weight, consider professional evaluation for an eating disorder.
GAINING WEIGHT RECOMMENDATIONS
The best way to add weight is to increase your intake of complex carbohydrates, particularly whole grain ones. Foods like whole wheat bread, muffins, pasta, crackers, and bagels are good to include. Also, legumes and fruits would be wise choices. In order to gain weight, you will have to eat more calories. You will need to include regular exercise and strength training into your lifestyle in order to prevent gaining too much weight as fat. Regular exercise can increase your appetite. Those extra calories should come mainly from additional carbohydrate. To start, set up a realistic goal weight for yourself. You may need to resign yourself to a less than (what you may consider) an ideal weight. Make good nutrition your priority, and weight gain the second.
It is best to gain weight slowly and steadily. This will help to ensure that your weight gain is in the form of lean body mass and not excessive fat. Do not try to gain more than 1/2-1 pound a week.
Some Weight Gaining Tips:
- Eat a healthy and balanced diet (healthy eating).
- Count how many calories you normally eat in a day. Do not change anything, just eat like you normally would and count how many calories you consumed. This is an extremely important step, so try to be as exact as possible. Also, weigh yourself.
To gain 1 pound a week, it takes an additional 2000 calories a week. Break it up into days, and you only need to eat an additional 300 calories a day to gain a pound a week. Depending on your overall caloric intake, you can use this program to either lose weight or gain weight. Think of weight gain as saving money - at the end of the week, if you do not spend more than you make then you have a surplus on money. The same goes for food calories and exercise. If you have an additional 2000 calories at the end of the week that you did NOT expend - YOU WILL GAIN WEIGHT.
- Eat frequent but small meals. Try having six meals a day (main meal and snacks) such as breakfast, morning tea, lunch, afternoon tea, dinner and supper. The snacks for morning tea, afternoon tea and supper should be healthy and nutritious. People who cannot gain weight usually have a fast metabolism which makes gaining hard. The key to weight gain is to do everything BIG. You have to eat big and lift big in order to get big.
Starting the day after you counted calories, eat 500 calories MORE than you normally do. Pretend that you counted calories at 2000 for one day. For the rest of the week, you would now eat 2500 calories a day. Instead of eating 3 big meals a day or eating all day all the time, spread those calories out over 5-6 smaller meals. Eat one meal every 2 and a half to 3 hours.
A lot of people think weightlifting is the key to gaining weight. It is an extremely important part, but your diet is just as important. In fact, you can still do your calisthenics or physical therapy workouts and run and still gain weight too - as long as you eat BIG.
- Eat lots of raw fruits and vegetables (green leafy vegetables are great).
- Choose food which is high in energy and protein content.
- Consult your health care provider or dietitian if you wish to take a high protein diet or supplements to increase your weight. If you use protein supplements, be sure to increase your water intake to prevent extra stress on your kidneys.
- Drink a minimum 6-8 glasses of distilled or quality water daily. It has been recommended that if you are on a weight-gain program, you should drink about a gallon of quality water daily. This is especially important if you are exercising and you need the extra water for energy and to replace any lost during your workouts.
- Reduce intake of dairy products. Substitute soy or rice milk in place of cow's milk.
- Do not drink coffee, alcohol, or carbonated beverages.
- Do not eat processed foods, white sugar, or white flour. Do not eat fried foods, fast foods, chips or candy.
- Avoid or limit red meat and avoid animal fats. Stay away from added fats in your diet because you do not want to be gaining fat if weight gain is your goal. Stick to high protein / low fat foods like tuna fish (and other seafood), chicken breast, turkey, ham, lean meats, fruits and vegetables. Do not eliminate fat - just try to limit the amount of fat calories to protein calories you ingest.
- Whole or 2% Milk - Milkshakes - Salad Dressing - Mayonnaise
- Cheese - Burgers - Raisin Bran Cereal - Oatmeal
- Crackers - Croissants - Peanut Butter and Jelly
- Club Sandwiches - Bagels - Cream Based Soup - Prime Rib Steak
- Porterhouse Steak - Ice Cream - Chicken - Ham Steak
- Fish - Peanuts - Beans, Peas - Potatoes - Carrots
Eat these in moderation if you are trying to lose weight, but add additional helpings if you are trying to boost your caloric intake to 2500-3000 calories per day in order to gain weight. If you want to lose weight you have to drop your calories to 1500-1800 calories a day in addition to exercise.
- Get in the gym and lift with a physical therapy program designed for you using all your major muscles groups to promote growth. This is another important step to how to gain weight, so make sure you are doing it correctly. Also this type of exercise utilizes the bigger muscles groups of the body like legs, butt, and lower back. This will spur growth to those muscles as well - this is where you should see your greatest increase in weight. You want your weight gain to be in muscle mass not excess fat.
- At the end of the week, weigh yourself. You will notice you are gaining just after one week if you are following a weight gaining physical therapy program correctly. You should not expect to see a 10 pound increase. Gaining anymore than 1 or 2 pounds a week is unhealthy and means you are putting on way too much fat. So look for 1 or 2 pound gains at the end of the week. It does not sound like much but you can be gaining 5-8 pounds a month. A 10 pounds weight gain will help as long as it does not impact your exercise program and daily living. You have to keep working out harder in order to carry this extra weight. Otherwise it will weigh you down.
At some point, you will stop seeing weight gain (called hitting a plateau). At this point, you will have to eat even more. So, when you stop gaining for at least 2 weeks, it means it is time to start eating an extra 250 calories a day. Every time you see you have not gained weight for at least 2 weeks, add an extra 250 calories until you have reached your goal. Even more important is to keep working out. Do not just eat to get big. Continue to follow a regular physical therapy exercise program.
- Get a good night's sleep. When you sleep, your body will store the calories.
- Do not smoke and avoid second hand smoke.
WEIGHT GAIN SAMPLE MENU
BREAKFAST
6:30 AM
MEAL OPTIONSMID-MORNING
9:30 AM
MEAL OPTIONSLUNCH
12:30 PM
MEAL OPTIONSMID-AFTERNOON
3:30 PM
MEAL OPTIONSDINNER
6:30 PM
MEAL OPTIONSEVENING SNACK
9:30 PM
MEAL OPTIONSEgg Whites
or Hard-Boiled Egg Whites
Whole Wheat Toast
Jam or Peanut ButterPowerbar Meal Bar
or
Post-Workout Protein ShakeGreen Leafy Lettuce Salad
With Roasted Chicken
or Tuna Fish
Cheese, Meat, Pasta, etc.Fruit Salad (Variety)
Protein ShakeChicken, Tuna, or Fish, Lean Meat Sandwich
On Whole Wheat Bread
No MayoWater
Make up for missing glasses at the end of the day to be better hydrated tomorrow.Yogurt
Milk
Cereal
(Whole Grain Cereals, Multi-Grain Best Option)Yogurt Smoothie Whole Grain Sub Sandwich with Fresh Vegetables and Lean Meat Turkey Whole Wheat Wrap
Protein ShakeMixed Salads With Variety of Vegetables, Green Leafy Lettuce, Broccoli, Carrots, Cheese, Meat. etc. Whole Wheat Bagel With Peanut Butter Lean Meat on Wheat Bagel
Or Bread / ToastLean Meat / Cheese Wrap Vegetable Beef Stew Can of Tuna With Water Chicken
Asparagus or Broccoli
Brown Rice / Pasta
Wheat Bread
Fruit DessertWhole Wheat Toast
With Peanut ButterProtein Shake
Or Yogurt SmoothieAssorted Nuts & Berries Mix
1 CupWhole Wheat Pasta
& Marinara SauceMilkshake or Protein Shake Veggie or Turkey Burger
With Lettuce, Tomato, Onion, Mustard / MayoItalian Ice Powerbar Meal Replacement Bar Beans & Brown Rice
Celery Sticks
And Peanut Butter
& MilkBurrito or Whole Wheat Turkey or Lean Meat Vegetable Wrap Chopped Chicken With Hard Boiled Egg
Lettuce
Or RiceLean Sirloin
Green or Lima Beans
Salad
Whole Grain Garlic Bread
Ice CreamPopcorn Banana, Apple, Small Carrots, Pears, or Orange Fruit Options:
1 to 2 Cups of
Honeydew
Watermelon
and/or CantaloupeSpinach Salad
With Almonds
Strawberries, Lean Meat
PastaYogurt Smoothie
With Protein PowderBroiled Fish
Steamed Brown Rice
Green Leafy VegetableWhole Wheat Bread
With Peanut ButterALWAYS DRINK: 1/2 to 1 Quart Water
1 Quart Sugarless Electrolyte Drink1/2 to 1 Quart Water
1 Quart Sugarless Electrolyte Drink1/2 to 1 Quart Water
1 Quart Sugarless Electrolyte Drink1/2 to 1 Quart Water
1 Quart Sugarless Electrolyte Drink1/2 to 1 Quart Water
1 Quart Sugarless Electrolyte Drink
Herbal Remedies: Electrolyte Drink Concentrate, Endure, Trace Minerals, 4 fl. oz.
A perfectly balanced pure electrolyte drink concentrate that contains important electrolytes such as potassium, sodium, magnesium, chloride, and sulfate. Better than many sports drinks that contain only potassium and sodium. Endure electrolyte drink concentrate not only contains these important electrolytes, but contains magnesium, an essential electrolyte that naturally relaxes muscles to prevent cramping - a nemesis to the performance athlete. ENDURE can be added to whatever you want, whenever you need it. Now you do not have to consume sports drinks that are full of sugar and carbs for hydration. Get your carbs at whatever rate works best for you and add in Endure for pure and effective hydration - the perfect combination to enhance your performance.
Herbal Remedies: 40,000 Volts Electrolyte Concentrate, Trace Minerals, 8 fl. oz.
40,000 Volts! Liquid Electrolyte Concentrate can turn any drink into an electrolyte drink. Add 1 teaspoon (approximately 80 drops) to a large glass of juice or other drink anytime electrolyte replacement is desired. 40,000 Volts! is created by blending Concentrace® Trace Mineral Drops and Inland Sea Water in a special base of liquid Potassium citrate and vitamin C to make a high potency electrolyte supplement.
Herbal Remedies: Electrolyte Stamina Power Pak, Orange, Trace Minerals, 32 Packs
Herbal Remedies: Electrolyte Stamina Power Pak, Lemon-Lime, Trace Minerals, 32 Packs
Herbal Remedies: Electrolyte Stamina Power Pak, Raspberry, Trace Minerals, 32 Packs
Electrolytes are needed to maintain proper fluid balance and to optimize your energy levels so you can function at your best. Electrolyte Stamina Power Pak is an easy-to-fix high performance energy drink with no caffeine, artificial stimulants or artificial ingredients. This formula contains 1200 mg of Vitamin C, an essential anti-oxidant for people who are active and on the go. It also contains all major electrolytes (potassium, magnesium, chloride and sodium), plus over 72 verified ionic minerals and trace minerals from ConcenTrace®, which accelerates assimilation and absorption of vitamins and nutrients.
Herbal Remedies: Powerbar Gel, Vanilla, 24 Per Box
Refuel with Powerbar Gel in a tasty vanilla flavor, featuring C2 MAX - optimized carbohydrate blend. During strenuous exercise the body burns carbs and loses key electrolytes through sweat. Powerbar Gel replenishes and restores those nutrients to help maintain peak performance. Its convenient package can be easily carried and is great for when you do not have easy access to your sport drink, such as during a long training run.
Herbal Remedies: Powerbar Gel, Chocolate (Caffeinated), 24 Per Box
Refuel with Powerbar Gel in a tasty chocolate flavor, featuring C2 MAX - optimized carbohydrate blend. During strenuous exercise the body burns carbs and loses key electrolytes through sweat. Powerbar Gel replenishes and restores those nutrients to help maintain peak performance. Its convenient package can be easily carried and is great for when you do not have easy access to your sport drink, such as during a long training run.
Herbal Remedies: Powerbar Gel, Strawberry-Banana, 24 Per Box
Refuel with Powerbar Gel in a tasty strawberry banana flavor, featuring C2 MAX - optimized carbohydrate blend. During strenuous exercise the body burns carbs and loses key electrolytes through sweat. Powerbar Gel replenishes and restores those nutrients to help maintain peak performance. Its convenient package can be easily carried and is great for when you do not have easy access to your sport drink, such as during a long training run.
Herbal Remedies: Powerbar Performance Bar, Vanilla Crisp, 12 Bars Per Box
Herbal Remedies: Powerbar Performance Bar, Tangy Tropical Fruit, 12 Bars Per Box
Herbal Remedies: Powerbar Performance Bar, Chocolate, 12 Bars Per Box
Herbal Remedies: Powerbar Performance Bar, Peanut Butter, 12 Bars Per Box
About an hour before exercise, energize with a Powerbar Performance bar, with C2 MAX-optimized carbohydrate blend, a 2:1 ratio of glucose and fructose carbohydrate sources. Before beginning any training session or competition, athletes need to be fully energized and hydrated. When both those needs are met, muscles are ready to work. The bars are also an effective option on those days when training starts very early in the morning and eating a pre-workout meal just is not realistic.
Herbal Remedies: Twinlab Vege Fuel, Soy Protein Supplement, 1.18 lb.
Twinlab Vege Fuel, Soy Protein Supplement contains Supro, an isolated soy protein powder of superior quality with absolutely no sweeteners, flavors, or fillers. Add unflavored Vege Fuel to foods to enhance soy protein content without affecting the flavor of foods.
Herbal Remedies: Weight Gain Supplement Protein Powder, Pro Gainer, Chocolate, NOW Foods, 8 lbs
Herbal Remedies: Weight Gain Supplement Protein Powder, Pro Gainer, Vanilla, NOW Foods, 8 lbs
NOW Pro-Gainer Weight Gain Supplement is a dynamic blend of egg, whey and casein proteins designed to increase weight and muscle mass. Research shows that multiple sources of protein provided the best results, especially when taken throughout the day to keep amino acid levels peaked. If you are not getting enough protein, your body can start to catabolize other tissues for the amino acids necessary to repair muscle tissue - not good. They have included a unique enzyme blend for superior digestibility, ensuring maximum absorption and utilization of the nutrients in this formula, particularly calories, carbohydrates and proteins. Pro Gainer also provides a potent vitamin and mineral complex to support good nutrition helping to replenish nutrients that are lost during intense training, and added Glutamine and Taurine for extra antioxidant protection and the proven results these amino acids provide. Add it all up, and you have got the most effective mass and body building supplement available.
SOME UNDERWEIGHT HOME REMEDIES TREATMENTS
(There is no guarantee about effectiveness or the safety of these remedies. MoonDragon.org highly recommends a well-balanced, nutritious diet for everyone and does not support "fad" diets. These "diets" listed below were obtained from various resources on the internet for weight gain and treatment of underweight problems and were included here for informational purposes only. Use at your own risk or consult with your health care provider or nutritionist before starting any new dietary regime.)
Musk melon is one of the most effective home remedies for thinness. Musk melons are taken three times during the day for forty days or more. In the beginning, only three kilograms (6.6 pounds) of melons are taken daily for three days. Then the quantity is increased by one kilogram (2.2 pounds) daily till it is sufficient to appease the hunger. Only the sweet and fresh fruits of the best variety are used in the treatment.
The mango-milk cure is also an ideal treatment for thinness. For this mode of treatment, ripe and sweet mangoes should always be selected. They should be taken three times a day - morning, afternoon, and evening. Two medium sized mangoes should be taken first and then followed by a glass of milk. Mango is rich in sugar but deficient in protein. On the other hand, milk is rich in protein but deficient in sugar. The deficiency of one is made up by the other. Mango thus combines very well with milk and an exclusive mango-milk diet taken for at least one month, will lead to improvement in health and vigor and gain in weight.
An exclusive milk diet for rapid gain of weight has been advocated by some nature cure practitioners. At the beginning of this mode of treatment, the patient should fast for three days on warm water and lime juice so as to cleanse the system. Thereafter, he should have a glass of milk every two hours from 8 a.m. to 8 p.m. on the first day, a glass every hour and half the next day, and a glass every hour the third day. Then the quantity of milk should be gradually increased so as to take a glass every half an hour from 8 a.m. to 8 p.m., if such a quantity can be tolerated fairly comfortably. (Do not use if you have problems with lactose intolerance or substitute soymilk or rice milk in place of dairy.)
Figs are an excellent remedy for increasing weight in case of thinness. The high percentage of the rapidly assimilable sugar in this fruit make it a strengthening and fattening food. Three dried figs soaked in water should be taken twice daily.
Raisins are a good food for those who wish to gain weight. Thirty grams (1.06 ounces) a day may be taken for this purpose.
MALABSORPTION RECOMMENDATIONS
Follow the dietary recommendations in this section for at least 30 days to give the colon a chance to heal and to cleanse the walls of hard matter and mucus. After 30 days, you may gradually reintroduce the foods that you have eliminated back into your diet; however, do not add them back too quickly or all at once. Instead, add small amounts of these foods, one at a time, back into your diet. Be sure to follow specific dietary recommendations for your particular health care problem or dietary regime.
Eat a diet that is high in complex carbohydrates and low in fats. Include in the diet well-cooked brown rice, millet, oatmeal, and steamed vegetables.
Eat plenty of fruits (except for citrus fruits).
Consume fresh papaya and pineapple often. Chew 4-6 papaya seeds after meals.
Eat broiled, steamed, or baked white fish 3 times a week.
Do not eat large meals, as this places too much stress on the digestive system. Instead, eat smaller portions of food throughout the day.
Drink 6 to 8 glasses of liquids daily, including juices, distilled or quality water, and herbal teas (see herbs above for suggestions). Use barley malt, a small amount of honey, or nut or soymilk for sweeteners, if necessary.
Do not consume wheat products until healing is complete.
Avoid products containing caffeine, which interferes with iron absorption. These include teas, coffee, colas, chocolate, many processed foods, and some over-the-counter medications (read labels).
Keep fats and oils to an absolute minimum. Do not consume any animal products (including butter), fried or fatty foods, or margarine. The fats these foods contain exacerbate malabsorption problems by coating the stomach and small intestines, blocking the passage of nutrients. For the same reason, avoid all dairy products and processed food products, which encourage the secretion of mucus.
Eliminate citrus fruits, shellfish, and white rice from the diet.
Do not eat meat or meat products. Meats are difficult to digest and are acid-forming.
Strictly avoid all junk foods, such as potato chips and candy, as well as other products containing sugar, salt, monosodium glutamate (MSG), and preservatives.
Follow a colon cleansing program.
Follow a fasting program once monthly.
Use "Green Drinks" to provide chlorophyll, which aids in detoxification, and other valuable nutrients and enzymes. Kyo-Green from Wakunaga is an excellent choice.
Avoid using mineral oil or other laxatives. Especially avoid using them for extended periods, as dependence and damage to the colon may result.
If diarrhea or other symptoms of digestive disturbance occur for longer than 3 days, call your health care provider. Also consult a professional if you notice black and tarry or bright red stools, or if digestive problems are accompanied by severe abdominal pain or a fever of over 101°F.
If a change of diet and the correct supplements do not improve your health status in a few months, consult your health care provider. You may have a malabsorption problem that requires medical attention.
NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENTS
Unless otherwise specified, the dosages recommended here are for adults. For a child between the ages of 12 and 17 years, reduce the dose to 3/4 the recommended amount. For a child between the ages of 6 and 12, use 1/2 the recommended dose, and for a child under the age of 6, use 1/4 the recommended amount.
The information that follows is for men and women who remain underweight due to a genetic predisposition to a smaller body type and for those who wish to increase muscle mass. The information in this section is not intended for an underweight conditions that may be related to an eating disorder, smoking or a number of other potential ailments or conditions that may require medical attention, herbal treatments or lifestyle changes.
Individuals who find it difficult keeping weight on their bodies or adding pounds to an already thin physique can experience social and physiological difficulties. Many people naturally gain muscle or lose fat easier than others. For this reason, gaining weight is a very personal issue. Diet, exercise and metabolism play a large part in physical health and appearance, but some people are genetically programmed to be smaller than others. This means there is no definite answer for everyone when it comes to gaining weight and building muscle mass.
If you have a specific health problem contributing to your underweight or weight loss (such as cancer), you should follow the nutritional recommendations and other guidelines found for that specific health condition (for example: see Cancer Nutrition). There are links to some of the more common ailments contributing to weight loss throughout this page.
NUTRIENTS Supplement Suggested Dosage Comments Essential Acidophilus 1 teaspoon 3 times daily or as directed on label. Take on an empty stomach. Replenishes essential bacteria. Needed for uptake and manufacture of many nutrients. Use a non-dairy formula.
Acidophilus Supplement Powder, Non-Dairy, 3 oz. Bulk,
Acidophilus, 3 Billion, NOW Foods, 90 Tabs,
Lactobacillus Acidophilus Supplement, Non-Dairy, 100 Caps,
Lactobacillus Acidophilus, Kosher Liquid, All Natural, Vegetarian Medium, Lactose Free, Apple Strawberry Flavor, Dynamic Health, 16 fl. oz.Raw Liver Extract As directed on label. An excellent source of B vitamins, minerals, and iron. Use liver extract from organically raised beef. Use a liquid form for easy assimilation. Consider injections (under a health care provider's supervision). Vitamin A 10,000 IU daily. If you are pregnant, do not exceed 10,000 IU daily. Needed for tissue repair and immune function. Antioxidants enhance immunity and aid in fat storage.
Vitamin A, 100% Natural, Nature's Way, 10,000 IU, 100 Softgels,
Vitamin A, Fish Liver Oil, NOW Foods, 25,000 IU, 250 Softgels,
Dry Vitamin A & D, Nature's Way, 15,000 IU / 400 IU, 100 Caps,
Shark Liver Oil, NOW Foods, 400 mg With 10,000 IU Vitamin A, 120 SoftgelsPlus
Natural Beta-Carotene
With
Carotenoid Complex (Betatene)As directed on label. An antioxidant and precursor of vitamin A. Needed by all cells for repair and rebuilding. Enhances natural killer cell activity. Essential for protein utilization.
Beta Carotene (Natural Dunaliella Salina), Nature's Way, 100% Natural, 25,000 IU, 100 Softgels,
Multi-Carotene Antioxidant, Nature's Way, 60 SoftgelsVitamin B Complex 100 mg of each major B vitamin daily (amounts of individual vitamins in a complex will vary) or as directed on label. To correct deficiencies. B Vitamins must be replenished daily. Increases the appetite and aids in digestion of fats, carbohydrates, and protein. Use a lozenge, sublingual, or spray form for best absorption. Injections (under a health care provider's supervision) may be necessary.
Ultimate B (Vitamin B Complex), Nature's Secret, 60 Tabs,
Vitamin B-100 Complex, w/ Coenzyme B-2, Nature's Way, 631 mg, 100 Caps,
Plus
Vitamin B-6 (Pyridoxine)50 mg 3 times daily. Reduces swelling in tissues. To correct deficiencies. B Vitamins must be replenished daily.
Vitamin B-6 (Pyridoxine), 100 mg, 100 CapsPlus
Vitamin B-121,000 mcg 3 times daily on an empty stomach. Injections: 1 cc twice weekly, or as prescribed by a health care provider. To prevent anemia and needed in tissue repair. To correct deficiencies. B Vitamins must be replenished daily. Injections (under a health care provider's supervision) are best. If injections are not available, use a lozenge, sublingual, or spray form.
Vitamin B-12 Complex Liquid, NOW Foods, 2 fl. oz.,
Vitamin B-12, Nature's Way, 2000 mcg, 100 Sublingual Lozenges,
Vitamin B-12 Liquid Supplement, 50 mcg, With Vitamin B-9 (Folic Acid), 400 mcg, 1 oz.
Vitamin B-12, California Natural, 1000 mcg, 60 Tabs,
Vitamin B-12 LipoSpray, NOW Foods, 2 fl. oz.Plus
Folic Acid400 mcg 3 times daily. To correct deficiencies.
Folic Acid (Vitamin B-9), 100% Natural, Nature's Way, 800 mcg, 100 CapsVitamin C With Bioflavonoids 3,000 mg daily, in divided doses. Needed to stimulate immune function and to aid uptake of nutrients. Helps to prevent cancer, protects against infection, and enhances immunity.
Vitamin C Liquid w/ Rose Hips & Bioflavonoids, Kosher, Natural Citrus Flavor, Dynamic Health, 1000 mg, 16 fl. oz.,
The Right C, Vitamin C Powder, Nature's Way, 120 grams,
Ester C With Bioflavonoids, Nature's Way, 1000 mg, 90 Tabs,
Vitamin C 1000 With Bioflavonoids, Nature's Way, 100% Natural, 1000 mg, 250 VCaps,
The Right C, Nature's Way, 1000 mg, 120 TabsVitamin D-3 400 IU daily. Needed for calcium uptake. Important for the prevention and/or treatment of several forms of cancer. Necessary for healthy bone formation.
Vitamin D, NOW Foods, 2000 IU, 120 SoftGels,
Vitamin D, NOW Foods, 1000 IU, 180 SoftGels,
Dry Vitamin D, Nature's Way, 100% Natural, 400 IU, 100 CapsVitamin E 200 IU daily or 400 IU every other day, up to 600 IU daily. An essential antioxidant, it improves circulation and is necessary for tissue repair. A powerful antioxidant that helps prevent cancer and inhibits the formation of free radicals. Use d-alpha-tocopherol form.
Ester E Natural Vitamin E, California Natural, 400 IU, 60 Softgels,
Vitamin E, 400 IU, 100% Natural, NOW Foods, 100 Gels,
Vitamin E-1000, NOW Foods, 1000 IU, 100 Gels,
Vitamin E, d-alpha-tocopherol, 400 IU, 100 Softgels
Zinc 80 mg daily. Do not exceed a total of 100 mg daily from all supplements. Aids in the manufacture of digestive enzymes and in protein uptake. Improves the senses of taste and smell. Use zinc gluconate lozenges or OptiZinc for best absorption.
Zinc Ionic Mineral Supplement, Fully Absorbable, 100 +/- ppm, 16 fl. oz.,
Colloidal Silver & Zinc Lozenges, Silva Solution, 90 Lozenges,
Zinc Lozenges W/ Echinacea & Vitamin C, Nature's Way, 23 mg, 60 Lozenges,
Zinc (Chelated), 100% Natural, Nature's Way, 30 mg, 100 CapsImportant Calcium
And
MagnesiumAs directed on label. Needed to prevent bone loss and necessary for maintaining healthy bones. Use calcium citrate chelate form.
Magnesium needed to balance with calcium and for assisting calcium and potassium uptake. Magnesium is important in energy production. Use chelate form.
Calcium Ionic Mineral Supplement, Fully Absorbable, 700 +/- ppm, 16 fl. oz.,
Magnesium Ionic Mineral Supplement, Fully Absorbable, 350 +/- ppm, 16 fl. oz.,
Liquid Calcium W/ConcenTrace, Orange Vanilla, Trace Minerals, 1000 mg, 32 fl. oz.,
Cal-Mag Pre-Chelated Calcium & Magnesium, Vital Earth, 240 Gelcaps,
Magnesium Ionic Mineral Supplement, Fully Absorbable, 350 +/- ppm, 16 fl. oz.,
Just An Ounce Calcium & Magnesium Liquid, Almond Flavor, 16 fl. oz.,
Calcium & Magnesium Mineral Complex, 100% Natural, Nature's Way, 500 mg / 250 mg, 250 CapsEssential Fatty Acid Complex
(Ultimate Oil)As directed on label. A most important element in the diet. Necessary for a healthy immune system. Speeds healing. Reduces inflammation and joint stiffness.
Ultimate Oil, Essential Fatty Acids Supplement, Nature's Secret, 90 SoftGels,
Essential Fatty Acids For Baby & Children, Organic, 8 fl oz.,Free-Form Amino Acid Complex As directed on label. To supply needed protein in a form that is readily available and easily metabolized. Needed because protein may not be broken down properly into amino acids, which are needed for virtually all life functions. Use a formula containing all the essential amino acids.
Amino 1000 Complete, NOW Foods, 120 Caps,
Amino 1500, Chewable Blend of 20 Amino Acids, Predigested, NOW Foods, 150 TabsGarlic (Kyolic) 2 capsules 3 times daily, with meals. Aids digestion and promotes healing of the digestive tract. Provides protection against free radicals. Contains many essential nutrients. Use liquid form, if possible.
Garlic Oil, NOW Foods, 1500 mg, 250 Softgels,
Garlic Bulb Cloves Supplement, Nature's Way, 580 mg, 100 Caps,
Super Odorless Garlic, NOW Foods, 5000 mg, 90 Caps,
Aged Garlic Extract, Cardiovascular Formula 100, Wakunaga Kyolic, 300 Caps,
Kyolic Liquid Aged Garlic Extract, Cardiovascular, Vegetarian, Wakunaga Kyolic, 4 fl. oz.,
Kyolic Aged Garlic Extract, One Per Day, Vegetarian, Wakunaga Kyolic, 1000 mg, 30 Caps,
Aged Garlic Extract, Cholesterol Formula 104, Wakunaga Kyolic, 200 CapsInflaZyme Forte
(American Biologics)4 tablets 3 times daily, with meals. A balanced, potent enzyme and cofactor as a powerful inflammatory inhibitor. Aids in the proper breakdown of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates for better absorption of foods. Or
Wobenzyme N
From Marlyn Nutraceuticals3-6 tablets 2-3 times daily. Take with meals to aid in digestion of proteins. Take between meals to reduce inflammation. Powerful free radical scavengers. Destroys free radicals and aids in proper breakdown and absorption of foods. Quercetin
Plus
BromelainAs directed on label.
As directed on label.Quercetin helps control and aids in preventing the allergic response to foods, pollens, and other allergens. Increases immunity. Bromelain enhances the effectiveness of quercetin.
Quercetin, NOW Foods, 500 mg, 100 VCaps,
Bromelain 2000 GDU Supplement, NOW Foods, 500 mg, 90 Tabs,
Quercetin W/Bromelain, Hypoallergenic Bioflavonoid, NOW Foods, 800 mg, 120 VCapsHelpful Alfalfa As directed on label. For healing and cleansing the bloodstream and colon. An excellent source of many healthy nutrients.
Alfa Max, Alfalfa Extract, Nature's Way, 525 mg, 100 Caps,
Alfalfa, NOW Foods, 650 mg, 500 Tabs,
Alfalfa Tincture, 100% Organic, 2 fl. oz.,
Alfalfa Leaf Root (Medicago Sativa) Powder, Kosher, 4 oz. Bulk,
Alfalfa Leaves, Nature's Way, 405 mg, 100 Caps,
Chlorofresh Liquid Chlorophyll, Mint Flavor, Nature's Way, 16 fl. oz.,
Chlorofresh Liquid Chlorophyll, Mint Flavor, Nature's Way, 16 fl. oz.,
Chlorofresh Liquid Chlorophyll, Nature's Way, 16 fl. oz.,
Chlorofresh, Chlorophyll Supplement, Nature's Way, 50 mg, 90 Softgels,
Chlorophyll With Alfalfa Powder, NOW Foods, 100 mg, 90 CapsBioperine As directed on label. Increases the absorption of nutrients and improves digestion. Brewer's Yeast As directed on label or 1 teaspoon daily for 1 week, then gradually increase to 1 tablespoon 3 times daily. Stimulates the appetite and is a good source of B vitamins.
Brewer's Yeast, Debittered, NOW Foods, 1 lb.,
Brewer's Yeast, NOW Foods, 650 mg, 200 TabsIron As prescribed by a health care provider. Take with 100 mg vitamin C for better absorption. To restore iron. Use ferrous gluconate form. Caution: Do not take iron unless anemia is diagnosed.
Iron Ionic Mineral Supplement, Fully Absorbable, 20 +/- ppm, 16 fl. oz.,
Ionic Iron Supplement With ConcenTrace, Trace Minerals, 2 oz.,
Iron Gluconate, Nature's Way, 18 mg, 100 CapsOr
Floradix Iron Plus HerbsAs directed on label or 2 teaspoons daily. Contains a readily absorbable form of iron that is non-toxic and from a natural source. Increases appetite and helps digestion. Blackstrap Molasses Adults: 1 tablespoon twice daily.
Children: 1 teaspoon twice daily.Consume at least 1 tablespoon of blackstrap molasses twice daily (for a child, use 1 teaspoon in a glass of milk or formula twice daily). Blackstrap molasses is a good source of iron, calcium, and essential B vitamins. Multi-Vitamin & Mineral Complex As directed on label. To replace lost nutrients and supply a balance of all needed vitamins and minerals. Minerals are the key to protein and vitamin utilization. Use a high potency formula.
Super Multi-Vitamin & Multi-Mineral, Pure Vital Earth, 32 fl. oz. (98% Bio-Available for Absorption),
Damage Control Master Formula, High Potency, Multi-Vitamin & Mineral, 60 Packets (30 Day Supply)
Proteolytic Enzymes
Or
Multi-Enzyme ComplexAs directed on label 3-6 times daily. Take with meals and between meals. Needed for protein digestion and breakdown of carbohydrates.
MetabolicZyme (Hypoallergenic), Allergy Research Group / Nutricology, 900 Tabs,
Plant Enzymes, NOW Foods, Vegetarian, 120 VCaps,
Enzymes, All Complete, 250 mg, 90 CapsWith
Pancreatin
And
BromelainAs directed on label 2-3 times daily, between meals and at bedtime. To aid protein digestion and reduce inflammation.
Pancreatin 4X, NOW Foods, 500 mg, 100 Caps,
Bromelain 2000 GDU Supplement, NOW Foods, 500 mg, 90 TabsSpirulina
Or
Spiru-tein from Nature's PlusAs directed on label. Take between meals. To supply protein, needed to build and repair tissue. Also acts as an appetite stimulant. Spiru-tein is a safe protein supplement.
Spirulina, 100% Organic, NOW Foods, 500 mg, 120 VCaps,
Spirulina Powder, 100% Natural, NOW Foods, 1 lb.,
Spirulina Natural, Earth Rise, 500 mg, 180 Tabs,
Spirulina Natural Green Super Food For Longevity, Earth Rise, 500 mg, 360 Tabs,
Copper 3 mg daily. Needed to balance with zinc.
Copper Ionic Mineral Supplement, Fully Absorbable, 50 +/- ppm, 16 fl. oz.,
UNDERWEIGHT / SKINNY / NEED TO GAIN WEIGHT SUPPLEMENTS
Information, supplements and products for those who are underweight, to encourage weight gain and increase muscle mass. Supplements and products have been included for general malnutrition and malabsorption problems, a condition that results in failure of the body to properly absorb vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients from food, which can contribute to underweight or loss of weight.
Alive! Whole Food Energizer, Multi-Vitamin & Mineral With Naturally Occurring Iron (No Iron Added), Nature's Way, 90 Tablets
No other supplement contains more life-giving nutrients than Nature's Way Alive Multi-Vitamin. Alive Multi-Vitamin is better absorbed into your blood stream because its tablets disintegrate up to 5X faster than other leading brands.Alive! Whole Food Energizer, Multi-Vitamin & Mineral With 18 mg Iron Added, Nature's Way, 90 Tablets
No other supplement contains more life-giving nutrients than Nature's Way Alive Multi-Vitamin. Alive Multi-Vitamin is better absorbed into your blood stream because its tablets disintegrate up to 5X faster than other leading brands.Appetite Stimulant Formula Tincture, 2 fl. oz.
This herbal appetite stimulant has been designed by a Master Herbalist to stimulate the appetite. It combines herbs well known, and recommended by the German Commission E, for improving the appetite and eliminating symptoms of appetite loss.Branched Chain Amino Acids, Free Form, NOW Foods, 120 Caps
The branched chain amino acids (BCAA's) leucine, isoleucine and valine are three of the eight essential amino acids the human body must receive in food.Carbo Gain Endurance Sports Supplement, Maltodextrin Powder, NOW Foods, 2 lb.
Now Carbo Gain Sports Supplement Maltodextrin Powder is a 100% pure complex carbohydrate from maltodextrin.Crazy Makers: How The Food Industry Is Destroying Our Brains & Harming Our Children, By Carol Simontacchi, C.C.N., M.S.
Examining the relationship of diet to changing levels of chemicals in the brain, this book offers nutritional primers, solutions and recipes to stop the damage.Dianabol Anabolic Supplement, 90 Tabs
Dianabol has a remarkable ability to increase muscle and strength through anti-proteolytic means, which science and real world evidence suggests may be more important to overall muscular growth than direct anabolic, protein synthesis activity.Digestion Enzymes, Liquid Gel, Nature's Secret, 60 Softgels
Nature's Secret has once again set a new standard for intestinal health with the world's first digestive enzyme in a liquid gel cap. Liquid-Gel Digestion Enzymes helps soothe the stomach and fuel the digestive system.Digestion Essentials Ultimate Digestion Formula, Peter Gillham's Natural Vitality, 120 Tablets
Digestion Essentials is a superior formulation of digestive enzymes along with digestive acids. Digestion is a vital process necessary for the breakdown and absorption of nutrients needed for basic health.Enzymes, All Complete, 250 mg, 90 Caps
All Complete Enzymes, dietary supplement, is an important combination of critical enzymes that help support normal digestive function, cholesterol levels, fat metabolism and more, all in one convenient tablet.Haritaki Detoxification & Rejuvenation, Banyan Botanicals, 90 Tabs
As a natural laxative and purgative, Haritaki removes undigested food and accumulated toxins from the gastrointestinal tract. It strengthens and nourishes the tissues and supports proper function of the colon, lungs, liver and spleen.Lactobacillus Acidophilus Supplement, Non-Dairy, 100 Caps
Lactobacillus Acidophilus Supplement taken as a dietary supplement may help to detoxify and to rebuild a balanced intestinal flora.Lecithin Fine Vegetarian Granules, NOW Foods, 97% Phosphatides, Pure & Fresh, 1 lb.
Contains Choline & Inositol which are essential for the breakdown of fats and cholesterol. It helps prevent arterial congestion, helps distribute bodyweight, increases immunity to virus infections, cleans the liver and purifies the kidneys.Multi-Vitamin & Multi-Mineral, Baby & Children's Liquid, Childlife, 8 fl. oz.
Children's liquid Multi-Vitamin & Multi-Mineral formula provides the optimal dosage of all the essential vitamins and minerals with trace elements for infants and children of all ages and it tastes great!Oxybolin 250, Body Building Supplement, Hi-Tech, 60 Tabs
Oxybolin 250 Body Building Supplement is the product every athlete or health conscious person has been waiting for! Oxybolin 250 is perfect for anyone who wants to build muscle and/or enhance athletic performance.Primadophilus Bifidobacterium For Children, Powder, Freeze Dried & Refrigerated, Nature's Way, 5 oz.
Primadophilus powder for children is designed to deliver helpful bacteria to the gut. These microorganism strains are essential to maintaining healthy intestinal flora. Other medications taken to combat illness or infection can reduce the number of beneficial bacteria as an unwanted side effect.Primadophilus For Kids, Cherry, Nature's Way, 30 Chewable Tabs
Under normal conditions, trillions of bacteria exist in the intestines. As part of the body's defenses they help maintain good health by preventing harmful microorganisms from infiltrating the body. Medications taken to combat illness or infection can reduce the number of beneficial bacteria as an unwanted side effect.Primadophilus For Kids, Orange, Nature's Way, 30 Chewable Tabs
Designed specifically with children age 2-12 in mind, Primadophilus for Kids chewable tablets contain a special blend of Bifidobacterium longum, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus rhamnosus.Primadophilus Lactobacillus, Nature's Way, 290 mg, 180 VCaps
Original True Potency is designed to deliver helpful bacteria to the gut. These Lactobacillus microorganism strains are essential to maintaining healthy intestinal flora.Primadophilus Reuteri, Nature's Way, 90 VCaps
Primadophilus stimulates gastrointestinal epithelial cell development and improves intestinal cell structure leading to more efficient nutrient uptake, enhanced physical growth and overall better health.Protein From Rice Powder, Dairy Free, Vegetarian/Vegan, Hypoallergenic, Chocolate, 1 lb. 6.9 oz.
A great tasting vegetable protein made from non-genetically modified California grown brown rice. Free of the common food allergens from soy, milk, egg, wheat and yeast.Protein From Rice Powder, Dairy Free, Vegetarian/Vegan, Hypoallergenic, Mixed Berry, 1 lb. 5 oz.
A great tasting vegetable protein made from non-genetically modified California grown brown rice. Free of the common food allergens from soy, milk, egg, wheat and yeast.Protein From Rice Powder, Dairy Free, Vegetarian/Vegan, Hypoallergenic, Plain, 1 lb. 5 oz.
A great tasting vegetable protein made from non-genetically modified California grown brown rice. Free of the common food allergens from soy, milk, egg, wheat and yeast.Protein From Rice Powder, Dairy Free, Vegetarian/Vegan, Hypoallergenic, Vanilla, 1 lb. 5 oz.
A great tasting vegetable protein made from non-genetically modified California grown brown rice. Free of the common food allergens from soy, milk, egg, wheat and yeast.Protein Power, By Michael Eades, M.D. & Mary Eades, M.D.
Protein Power is packed with helpful charts and formulas, so you can estimate your body-fat percentage and your ideal weight for your particular body composition.Somatophen Pituitary Stimulator, Hi-Tech Pharmaceuticals, 60 Tabs
Somatophen pituitary hormone stimulator is a formula designed of anterior pituitary peptides, sequenced glycoamino acids, and other agents that work to release additional pituitary hormones.Spirulina (Blue Green Algae) Tincture, 2 fl. oz.
Spirulina is rich in chlorophyll, beta carotene, vitamins (including Vitamin B-12), minerals, amino acids, DNA, RNA, and enzymes.Super Digestive Enzymes, 90 Caps
Super Digestive Enzymes contain a complete and balanced digestive enzyme formula.Trikatu Appetite & Digestive Stimulant, Banyan Botanicals, 90 Tabs
Trikatu literally means "three pungents," as it contains the herbs ginger, black pepper and pippali. The powerful heating quality of this combination is traditionally used to enkindle the digestive fire and to effectively burn kapha, fat and toxins. Trikatu supports healthy metabolism, allowing nutrients to be properly digested and assimilated, thus aiding in weight management.Triphala Balancing Formula For Detoxification & Rejuvenation, Banyan Botanicals, 90 Tabs
Triphala is recommended and used more than any other Ayurvedic herbal formulation. Popular for its unique ability to gently cleanse and detoxify the system while simultaneously replenishing and nourishing it, this traditional formula supports the proper functions of the digestive, circulatory, respiratory and genitourinary systems.Triphala Guggulu Metabolic Function, Banyan Botanicals, 90 Tabs
Triphala Guggulu effectively decongests the channels of the body and scrapes away toxins held within the tissues. It is particularly useful for weight management as it enkindles the digestive fire, promotes healthy metabolism and releases excess kapha from the system. Used preventively, Triphala Guggulu minimizes the accumulation of toxins in the GI tract, blood and joints by supporting proper digestion and elimination.Vitamin B-50 Complex With B-2 Coenzyme, 100% Natural, 330 mg, 100 Caps
B Vitamins, as found in a Vitamin B Complex, are precursors of coenzymes involved in the conversion of cellular energy, manufacture of hormones and proteins, and repair and maintenance of nerve structures.Vitamin C 1000 With Bioflavonoids, Nature's Way, 100% Natural, 1000 mg, 250 VCaps
Nature's Way Vitamin C with Bioflavonoids provides antioxidant protection for many of the body's important enzyme systems.Weight Gain Supplement, Protein Powder, Pro Gainer, NOW Foods, Chocolate, 8 lbs.
NOW Foods Pro-Gainer weight gain supplement protein powder is a natural body building supplement.Weight Gain Protein Powder, Pro Gainer, NOW Foods, Vanilla, 8 lbs.
NOW Foods Pro-Gainer weight gain protein powder is a natural body building supplement.Whey Protein Powder, Dutch Chocolate, NOW Foods, 2 lbs.
Now Foods Protein powder is a blend of proteins that contain the full range of essential amino acids required by the body to retain its strength and integrity.Whey Protein Powder, Premium, With Glutamine, Natural Vanilla Flavor, NOW Foods, 1 lb.
This blend of specially processed whey proteins is designed to maximize amino acid absorption and Biological Values (BV). Extra L-Glutamine has been added (550 mg per serving) because of its important role in protecting muscle tissue from breaking down under stressful, vigorous physical activity.
Herbal Remedies: Underweight / Skinny / Need To Gain Weight Information
Herbal Remedies: Underweight / Skinny / Need To Gain Weight Supplements & Products
Herbal Remedies: Malnutrition / Malabsorption Information
Herbal Remedies: Malnutrition / Malabsorption Supplements & Products
Herbal Remedies: Sports Nutrition, Body Building, Strength Training Supplements & Products
Herbal Remedies: Increase Muscle Mass / Body Building Supplements & Products
NOTIFY YOUR MIDWIFE OR HEALTH CARE PROVIDER IF...
You have any symptoms or an increase of symptoms or other signs of malnutrition or have health conditions that cause malabsorption problems.
You have any unexpected or unusual symptoms. Some people may have sensitivity, allergies, or other health conditions which would prevent them from using certain herbs or other treatments.
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HELPFUL PRODUCTS & FURTHER EDUCATION
Prescription for Nutritional Healing: The A-To-Z Guide To Supplements
-- by Phyllis A. Balch, James F. Balch - 2nd Edition
Prescription for Nutritional Healing: The A-To-Z Guide To Supplements
-- by Phyllis A. Balch, James F. Balch - 4th Edition
Prescription for Herbal Healing: The A-To-Z Reference To Common Disorders
-- by Phyllis A. Balch
The Complete Guide to Natural Healing
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