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BASIC INFORMATION
SCORPION DESCRIPTION & HABITAT
The scorpion is an animal closely related to spiders, mites, and ticks. Scorpions make up the order Scorpiones of the class Arachnida. They are easily recognized by their characteristic shape. Scorpions glow brightly under UV light (black light).
A scorpion's long, slender body consists of a cephalothorax (joined head and thorax) with six pairs of appendages and an abdomen. Scorpions have four pairs of legs and two large pincer-bearing arms (pedipalps) in front. The first two pairs of appendages are used for catching and mashing prey and for transferring it to the mouth; the last four pairs are legs. The abdomen is a flexible structure made up of 12 segments. All scorpions have a five-segmented tail that can be arched over the back. The tail ends in a sharp, hollow, bulb-like poison gland or venom-injecting stinger.
Scorpions are well equipped to defend themselves or attack prey with their pincers and stinger. Between the last pair of legs is a comb-like structure (pectines) that is used to identify surface textures and to detect prey. Scorpion venom can be deadly to many animals, including humans. They can be a nuisance when they interact with humans because they will sting when disturbed.
Scorpions have two eyes on the top of the head, and usually two to five pairs of eyes along the front corners of the head. They do not see well, however, and must rely on the sense of touch, using their pectines and other organs for navigation and hunting. Their bodies are flat, which allows them to hide in small cracks, under rocks and under bark.
The scorpion lives in warm, dry regions and in the tropics, preferring dry-and habitats. Scorpions are most commonly found in southern Europe, Africa, the western and southwestern region of the United States, and the tropical regions of the Western Hemisphere. There are about 1,500 species of scorpions and there may be as many as 1,000 more species undiscovered.
Worldwide, scorpions range in size from about 1/2 inch up to 10 inches (1.3 to 25 cm) in length (including the tail), depending upon the species. About 70 to 75 species are found in the United States and most of these are found in the desert region of the Southwest. These scorpions are usually about 1 to 3 inches (2.5 to 7.5 cm) in length. Scorpions may be found in many types of habitats in the United States. Although most scorpions live in desert regions such as desert flats and sand dunes, desert and mesic mountains, they also live in rain forests, grassy prairies and grasslands, pine forests, deciduous forests, and chaparral, and others live only beneath the bark of palm trees. Species are most diverse in desert areas. Scorpions hide under stones, bark, wood or other objects on the ground where they wait or search for prey.
Wherever they live, scorpions are nocturnal predators. Hunting at night, a scorpion will eat almost anything, even other scorpions. Chief foods are small insects, spiders, centipedes, earthworms, and other scorpions. In fact, a scorpion's favorite food is another scorpion! Most scorpions are solitary and will attempt to kill and eat other scorpions that invade their territory. Once they capture their prey, they use the large pincers to crush and draw it toward the mouth.
A scorpion grabs prey with its pincers and then stings it. Some scorpions have such powerful pincers they seldom use their stinger. First the scorpion breaks the cricket or beetle into tiny pieces. When the pile is big enough, the scorpion spits strong digestive juices onto the pile of bug bits. The juices melt the bits into soft sticky stew. When the stew is soft enough, the scorpion sucks the gooey pieces into its mouth. The body juices of the prey are eaten by the scorpion.
Some scorpions can survive a whole year with no food. Other scorpions can live for two days under water or survive long periods of cold. Scorpions may also live for a long time. Some species may live for 20 to 25 years, but longevity of the typical scorpion is between 3 and 8 years.
Scorpions hide during the day and become active at night. This behavior helps scorpions manage temperature and water balance, important functions for survival in dry habitats. Many species dig burrows in the soil. During the day, the scorpion rests in an underground burrow, emerging at night to feed on insects and spiders, which it immobilizes and kills with the sting. The sting is also used when the scorpion is threatened. They detect and capture prey by the sense of touch. They also have a well-developed sense of hearing.
According to fossil records, the scorpion has been in existence for about 400 million years. Fossil remains reveal very little change between the ancient and the present-day scorpion. Scorpions have been around for a long time. They have changed very little in 350 million years.
SCORPIONS VS SPIDERS
Like spiders, scorpions are arachnids. They have two main body parts and eight legs. And like spiders, scorpions have hairs, called bristles, along their legs. These bristles feel vibrations on the ground. They tell the scorpion, which has poor vision, when prey is near.
Most scorpions are larger than spiders. Their body parts are larger, too. Look at the scorpion's head. Instead of spider fangs, a scorpion has pincers that grab and tear prey. Instead of leg-like palps, a scorpion has a large set of claws that hold and crush prey. The last few segments of the scorpion's abdomen form a long "tail."
SCORPION STINGS
A scorpion often kills its prey with venom. But a scorpion does not use fangs to deliver its poison. It uses the stinger at the end of its tail. First, the scorpion grabs its prey with its claws. Then it raises its tail up and over its head to sting its prey.
The sting of a scorpion is very powerful. It kills insects and spiders instantly. And it can be deadly to larger animals. Still, many animals - such as lizards, snakes, owls, and mammals - feed on scorpions. Scorpions are nocturnal animals. They hunt and feed mostly at night. During the day, scorpions hide among rocks, in cracks on the ground, and under the bark of trees. A scorpion's sting can be painful, but most scorpions are not dangerous to humans.
SCORPION OFFSPRING
Adult scorpions may have several broods of young. Prior to mating, the male and female grasp each other's claws and perform a courtship dance. Following an elaborate mating process, which lasts from 24 to 36 hours, the female undergoes a gestation period ranging from 5 months to more than 1 year. A female scorpion gives birth to a litter, or a group, of about 25 baby scorpions (the litter can range from 6 to 90 young). The young are born one at a time and alive in semi-transparent sacs (thin layer of tissue around it's body). With its mother's help, the newborn breaks out of this thin sack. As soon as the young scorpions free themselves from these thin wrappers, they climb onto their mother's back. Newborn scorpions are pale in color. The mother scorpions take care of their young for a short time until they are ready to live on their own. In the first few days of their lives, they are totally defenseless. They depend on their mothers for protection. Young scorpions stay with their mothers a week or more, until their first molt. Already capable of stinging, the young scorpions leave the mother after several days and begin to fend for themselves. Scorpions reach maturity in a one to five years, depending on availability of food.
SCORPION MYTHS
Scorpions are often misunderstood. Many people say that scorpions are so aggressive they will sting themselves to death, but this is not a natural behavior of scorpions in the wild. Other people say the sting of a baby scorpion is more dangerous than the sting of an adult, but again, this is false. The venom in a scorpion's stinger is the same all through a scorpion's life. Perhaps the biggest myth is that all scorpions are deadly, and this is totally wrong.
Only a very few scorpions are potentially dangerous to people. Of the 1,500 known scorpion species only 25 have a sting potent enough to be considered potentially dangerous to humans. About 90 species of scorpions have been identified in the United States. Only one lives in the United States. The most dangerous scorpion is found in the southwest region of the U.S. and is known as the Arizona Bark Scorpion (Centruroides sculpturatus).
Arizona is home to a large number of bark scorpions and is also home of the only scorpion antivenom program in North America. Scorpion antivenom is used to treat severe scorpion stings. Despite the large number of people and scorpions in Arizona, only about 100 stings each year receive scorpion antivenom therapy, and most of those are either young children or elderly adults. Most important for severe scorpion stings is immediate access to medical treatment, whether or not antivenom is available. In less developed countries, lack of transportation to medical care contributes to higher numbers of scorpion stings resulting in illness or death. No scorpion sting-related death has been reported in Arizona for more than 40 years.
The most common species in Texas is the Striped Bark Scorpion (Centruroides vittatus). The adult scorpion is about 2-1/2 inches long, which is typical of the size of all species found in the state. Texas has 18 species and only one species, Centruroides vittatus, occurs throughout the state. It is the only species of scorpion found in the eastern part of Texas. The number of species found in the state increases moving west and south. One species has been recorded in the Dallas area, two recorded near Austin, four near Amarillo, three near Abilene, five near Ft. Stockton, eight in the Ft. Davis region, eight near Langtry, and 14 in Big Bend National Park.
SCORPION STING SYMPTOMS (U.S VARIETIES)
If you think a scorpion has stung you there are a few symptoms to watch out for. Symptoms include:
- Local pain where stung but no swelling (feels like a hornet sting followed by having a nail driven through the sting site).
- Touching the sting area is painful.
- Numbness and tingling in parts of the body distant from the sting.
- Malaise (general discomfort, feeling out-of-sorts or ill).
- Sweating.
- Heart palpitations.
- Rise in blood pressure.
- Trouble focusing eyes or random eye movements
- Trouble swallowing, drooling (salivation).
- Tongue feels swollen.
- Slurred speech.
- Nausea.
- Vomiting.
- Young children may rub their faces which may indicate facial numbness.
- Muscle twitching.
- Restlessness.
- Irritability.
- Hyperactivity.
- Diarrhea.
Not all these symptoms will occur in every person, although some should appear in the first two-three hours. Children under 10 years are at higher risk than other people.
The sting of scorpions may be painful, or even deadly, depending on the species. Of 1,500 species of scorpions worldwide, only about 20 to 25 are regarded as dangerous. Stings from such species may cause paralysis, severe convulsions, cardiac irregularities, or breathing difficulties that may lead to death. Antivenoms are available in areas where dangerous scorpions live.
A scorpion's venom is a mixture of compounds including neurotoxins that affect the victim's nervous system. Fortunately, none of the species in southwestern and western U.S. are considered deadly. Stings from most of these species are about as painful as a bee or wasp sting, but the severity of the sting is dependent upon the individual scorpion and the person's reaction to the venom. As with any arthropod venom, allergic reactions are possible. In these situations, immediate medical attention would be required.
MoonDragon's Health & Wellness: Insect Bites
SOME COMMON TYPES OF SCORPIONS
Almost all of these are considered lethal scorpions, except the Hemiscorpius species, belong to the scorpion family called the Buthidae. The Buthidae family is characterized by a triangular-shaped sternum, as opposed to the pentagonal-shaped sternum found in the other 5 scorpion families. In addition to the triangular-shaped sternum, poisonous scorpions also tend to have weak-looking pincers, thin bodies, and thick tails, as opposed to the strong heavy pincers, thick bodies, and thin tails seen in non-lethal scorpions. The lethal members of the Buthidae family include the genera of Buthus, Parabuthus, Mesobuthus, Tityus, Leiurus, Androctonus, and Centruroides. These lethal scorpions are found generally in the given distribution:
- Buthus - Mediterranean area.
- Parabuthus - Western and Southern Africa.
- Mesobuthus - Asia.
- Tityus - Central and South America, Caribbean.
- Leiurus - Northern Africa and Middle East.
- Androctonus - Northern Africa to Southeast Asia.
- Centruroides - Southwest USA, Mexico, Central America.
However, these scorpions may be found outside their habitat range of distribution when inadvertently transported with luggage and cargo.
UNITED STATES - NORTH AMERICA REGION
ARIZONA BARK SCORPION
Perhaps one of the most infamous species, the Arizona Bark Scorpion (Centruroides exilicauda) has been previously known under many different names such as Florida Bark Scorpion, Arizona Deadly Scorpion, and the Sculptured Scorpion. The previous scientific name is Centruroides sculpturatus which till today is still widely used. Other scientific names referring to the same species are Buthus exilicauda, Centrurus exilicauda, Centruroides gertschi, Centruroides pallidicep and Centruroides zweifeli. This is an example of how even scientific name can be so messed up. It is recommended that modern reference to stick to Centruroides exilicauda to reduce the confusion.
The Arizona Bark Scorpion is typically a golden-yellow color or a very light. Body coloration and pattern has numerous variation and is difficult to generalize. The Arizona Bark Scorpion grows to 2-1/2 inches in size. In the United States, the Arizona Bark Scorpion is found in Arizona, California, Nevada, New Mexico and Utah. Outside of the United States, it is found in Northwestern Mexico.
This species has a very painful sting. During the 1940s-1960s, over 1000 deaths each year is attributed to this widespread species though these claims may be untrue. Numerous older and supposedly objective scientific studies may have exaggerated the death caused by the species. Although once an extremely feared scorpion having a sting that was considered lethal, research suggests that this species probably poses no serious threat to a healthy adult. The sting of this species is, however, considered to be medically significant and can be dangerous and potentially lethal to children or the elderly.
No death from this species has been recorded in Arizona since 1968. The Arizona State University claims it to be the success of their antivenom but it is more probably due to less use of inappropriate treatments like injection of potent opiods. The use of this species as a 'scapegoat' seems to arise since Stahnke (1928) who's researching on antivenom for this species label it as Arizona lethal scorpion. Various articles and books such as WHO 1981 estimates, Biology of Scorpion (Polis,1990), Venomous and poisonous animals (Habermehl, 1981), Watt and Simard (1984), Merck manual, Medical entomology, Scorpion in Kentucky (Lee Townsend), Smith 1992, Scorpionism in Mexican (Mazotti and Bravo-Brecherelle with use of Mexico statistic board, Death register - 1958) suggest C.exilicauda to be "deadly". More recent articles like one by Dehesa-Davila & Possani (1994) which reflects stats up till 1990. No official death is attributed positively to C.exilicauda. Others like C.noxious, C.limpidus ssp, C.suffusus are implicated.
TEXAS STRIPED BARK SCORPION / STRIPED BACK SCORPION
The common, Striped Bark Scorpion, also known as the Striped Back Scorpion (Centruroides vittatus) has two broad, black stripes running the length of its back. The average length of mature Striped Back Scorpions is 2.5 inches. The Stripe-backed Scorpion varies in color from yellowish-tan to brown. The Striped Back Scorpion has 2 dark gray lines that run the length of it's back. Older scorpions tend to be a darker brown, and the stipes may not be as obvious. Populations in the Big Bend region of Texas may be only faintly marked or completely pale. Immature scorpions may be lighter in color. There is a dark triangular mark on the front of the head above the eyes. In young scorpions, the base of the pedipalps and the last segment behind the abdomen is dark brown or black. This species can be easily identified by slender pedipalps (pincer-bearing arms) and the long, slender tail. The tail is longer on males than females.
The Striped Bark Scorpion prefers rocky or brushy areas or homes to hide in and hunt for their prey. This scorpion feeds on insects, small centipedes and other scorpions. They prefer to hunt at night and remain hidden during the day to conserve water and avoid high temperatures.
In the United States, the Striped Backed Scorpion is found in Arizona, Arkansas, Colorado, Illinois, Kansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Tennessee, and Texas. It is the most widespread scorpion in the United States. Outside of the United States, it is found in Northern Mexico.
Late May and the entire month of June mark the most active time of the year for scorpions in San Antonio and South Texas. The Striped Bark Scorpion / Striped Back Scorpion apparently mates in the fall, spring or early summer. Gestation requires about 8 months. Litter size varies from 13 to 47. The average is about 31 young per litter. Immature scorpions molt within 3 to 7 days after birth and remain on the mother for another 3 to 7 days after that. After molting, the baby scorpions leave the safety of their mother's back to live their lives alone. There are five or six molts to maturity. A Striped Bark scorpion probably lives for approximately 4 years.
The sting of this species causes local pain and swelling. Deaths attributed to this species have not been substantiated. There seems to be some varied opinions about the potential danger of the Striped Back Scorpion. Some claim it to be harmless, while others have reported it's sting as extremely painful and potentially dangerous.
The striped bark scorpion is often found under rocks, under boards and in debris. It can be found indoors or outdoors in a wide variety of habitats (pine forests in East Texas; rocky slopes, grasslands, juniper breaks in other parts of the state). Centruroides are active foragers that do not burrow. They are distinctly associated with dead vegetation, fallen logs and human dwellings. It is common for them to climb trees and walls, and many times have been found in the attics of homes. During periods of hot weather, scorpions may move into living areas to escape the high temperatures in attics.
TOOTHED SCORPION
The Toothed Scorpion (Diplocentrus whitei) is the largest of the 5 species of Diplocentrus in the U.S. The sting is considered harmless and is less dangerous than it's pinch (which can draw blood). The family Diplocentridae was transferred to the family Scorpionidae in Dec 2003, a move with which some professions disagree and opt to continue to keep Diplocentridae in family status until DNA evidence proves otherwise.
In the USA, the distribution of the Toothed Scorpion is only in the lower Big Bend Region of southern Presidio and Brewster counties, including Big Bend National Park and Big Bend Ranch State Park in Texas. In Chihuahuan Desert, rarely away from rocky hillsides, mountains. In northern Coahuila and Chihuahua in Mexico.
GIANT DESERT HAIRY SCORPION
The giant desert hairy scorpion (Hadrurus arizonensis) is the largest scorpion inhabiting the Southwest of North America and one of the 8-9 species of Hadrurus in the US, attaining a length of 5.6 to 6 inches. Its large size allows it to feed readily on other scorpions and a variety of other prey, including lizards and snakes. This species is usually yellow with a dark top and has lobster-like pincers. It gets its common name from the brown hairs that cover its body, these hairs help it to detect vibration in the soil. A similar species is Hadrurus spadix.
The giant hairy scorpion is the largest scorpion in the United States and North America, and one of the least-common of Arizona's desert scorpions. It is distributed throughout the Sonoran and Mojave deserts. In Mexico, the species' range flanks the Sea of Cortez in Sonora and Baja California Norte. In the United States, it is found in the western two thirds of Arizona, the Colorado and Mojave desert regions of southern California, southern Nevada, and extreme southwestern Utah. Arizona Desert Hairy Scorpions are a warm-desert species, specially adapted to hot and dry conditions. They are usually found in and around washes or low-elevation valleys where they dig elaborate burrows (up to 2.5 meters deep) and emerge at night to forage for prey and mates. Although they are burrowing scorpions, it is commonly found under rocks containing moisture. Their diet consists of large insects, spiders, and small vertebrates. This is an aggressive and active scorpion, which, as with all scorpions, is nocturnal. Like all scorpions, the Giant Desert Hairy Scorpion gives birth to live young, which remain on the mothers back for a week or more before leaving. Other species commonly encountered living sympatrically with this species are: Smeringurus mesaensis, Vaejovis confusus, and Vaejovis spinigerus. Arizona Bark Scorpions are commonly encountered in rocky habitats but sometimes stray to sandy soils and are found alongside the Desert Hairy Scorpions.
Desert Hairy Scorpions are not especially venomous. Although its size may make it scary-looking, its sting is mild, causing only local pain and swelling. However, an allergic reaction to its venom can be fatal. Symptoms can include difficulty breathing, excessive swelling and prolonged pain.
OTHER COUNTRIES AND REGIONS OUTSIDE THE UNITED STATES
YELLOW FAT-TAILED SCORPION (A. AUSTRALIS)
The Yellow Fat-Tailed Scorpion (Androctonus australis) is truly a very dangerous scorpion. Fattail scorpion or fat-tailed scorpion is the common name given to scorpions of the genus Androctonus, which is one of the most dangerous groups of scorpion species in the world. They are found throughout the semi-arid and arid regions of the Middle-East and Africa. Countries where Androctonus species live include Mauritania, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Israel, Egypt, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Iraq, Iran, Pakistan, South Eastern Africa. Their name is derived from their distinctly fat metasoma, or tail. Their venom contains powerful neurotoxins and is especially potent. Stings from Androctonus species are known to cause several human deaths each year. Children and elderly are more at risk. It is not native to Asia (except perhaps India) and America. It is also known to be quite aggressive.
The Fat-Tailed Scorpion can grow to about 2 to 4 inches. They are a moderate sized scorpion. They are generally yellow in color. The telson, metasoma V and distal part of metasoma IV (parts of the tail) is usually darker. It has slender pedipalp (claw) typical of Buthidae. Its metasoma (tail) is thick and is widest at metasoma III and IV. On metasoma III to V, a very deep concavity (a hollowness) is observed. There are few hairs on the metasoma and the telson. Outer tooth of basitarsal spur bifurcates at base of walking legs.
Three subspecies exist. Androctonus australis: Yellow overall. A.australis lybicus: Black at distal metasoma and telson. A.australis hector: brown at distal metasoma and telson.
Despite the inherent risks with keeping such a dangerously venomous species in captivity, Androctonus scorpions are frequently found in the exotic animal trade - A. amoreuxi and A. australis being the most commonly available. As with any dangerous scorpion, a potential Androctonus keeper should think very carefully before acquiring one because a sting may have serious consequences which extend beyond the immediate risks of injury or death. For example, there can be an expensive bill for emergency medical care that the owner's health insurance may not entirely cover. There is also potential legal liability if someone other than the owner is stung and negligence can be proven. Depending on the jurisdiction in which the keeper lives, some form of licence or insurance policy may be required in order to possess a dangerous scorpion. In some jurisdictions, possession of a dangerous scorpion is illegal. Extra precautions must be taken to ensure that the scorpion cannot escape. Clearly, Androctonus scorpions should never be handled under any circumstances. Its main diet in captivity consists of cockroaches, grasshoppers, or crickets. Scorpions will generally try to kill and eat anything which moves and is smaller than themselves. In order to simulate the desert environment, the enclosure used to keep the scorpion in must be kept at a temperature of between 26 and 30 degrees Celsius.
EGYPTIAN YELLOW FAT-TAILED SCORPION (A. AMOREUXI)
The Egyptian Yellow Fat-Tailed Scorpion (Androctonus amoreuxi) is another species of the Androctonus family. It is found in Africa (Algeria, Burkina Faso, Chad, Egypt, Ethiopia, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Senegal, Sudan), Asia (Afghanistan, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Pakistan, and Saudi Arabia) regions.
This one can be differentiated from A.australis by the terminal metasoma does not have the darker coloration and the metasoma is not as wide as A. australis. The pedipalp may also appear less bulbous than A.australis. The venom potency is similar to other members of the same family.
BLACK FAT-TAILED SCORPION (A. CRASSICAUDA)
The Black Fat-Tailed Scorpion (Androctonus crassicauda) is another truly dangerous scorpion found more commonly in Southwest Asia, North Africa and the Middle East. It is not recommended for anyone aside from highly experienced scientists and hobbyists.
Several coloration of A.crassicauda exists. It ranges from olive-brown to reddish brown to black Rare isolated geographic race is found to be yellowish colored. Even though morphologically, some yellow strains look like A. australis, they do not have the dark distal metasoma (metasoma IV and V), telson and aculeus (sting). It is more easily confused with A. Bicolor but it has a comparatively more bulbous pedipalp (claw). However, compared to A. australis, its pedipalp is more slender.
This species is in the top three of scorpions with extremely virulent venom. They are currently listed as number 1 on the LD-50 chart. Some authorities report a sting from a Black Fat-tailed Scorpion can kill an adult human in seven hours. Reactions vary considerably, but children are especially vulnerable and this is not a species to be considered for any household where children are present. Also consult your local authorities regarding whether permission is required to keep venomous animals.
Despite its common name, the Black Fat-tailed Scorpion varies considerably in color, from olive brown to reddish brown to slate gray to black. A small, isolated population in Egypt is abnormally pale (hence the name Egyptian Gold Fat-tailed Scorpion). Accurate identification can only be made by experienced professionals who recognize the characteristic sculpturing on the scorpion's terminal "tail" segments. Mature specimens can attain 4 inches in length. As with many other members of the family Buthidae, the pincers of the Black Fat-tailed are relatively small and weak, while the tail and sting are abnormally stout and muscular.
The Black Fat-tailed Scorpion is especially abundant in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), where it is considered a significant health threat, often occurring near human habitations. Desert, and desert scrub, is the preferred habitat. They are nocturnal, venturing out from burrows, or beneath rocks, boards, and other debris to hunt insects and small vertebrates at night. This may be the species referred to in a Persian legend that has scorpions sent by the devil to sting the testicles of the sacred bull, preventing the fertilization of the universe. More recently, soldiers in the Gulf War suffered from the stings of the Black Fat-tailed Scorpion, especially when they staged "scorpion fights" as entertainment. Ironically, the study of scorpion venoms has yielded a drug that is helpful to stroke victims.
Breeding is initiated by a courtship dance, where the male holds the female by her claws and leads her around, much like a dance. The Fat-tailed Scorpion, like other scorpions, gives birth to live young. The young are carried then on the mother's back until after they undergo their first molt. No information on breeding in captivity was found.
BLACK FAT-TAILED SCORPION (A. BICOLOR)
The Black Fat-Tailed Scorpion (Androctonus bicolor) is black and again note the extraordinarily slender pedipalp and thick metasoma (a tail development that is extremely large and bulky. This is quite often confused with Androctonus crassicauda (black variety) but its pedipalp is comparatively slender. However, it is not nearly as venomous as A. australis or L. quinquestriatus. This species is not hesitant to sting by any means. Like most desert species, they prefer a drier environment.
DEATH STALKER SCORPION
The Death Stalker Scorpion (Leiurus quinquestriatus) is a species of scorpion, a member of the Buthidae family. It is also known as Omdurman scorpion, Israeli desert scorpion and numerous other colloquial names, which generally originate from the commercial captive trade of the animal. To eliminate confusion, especially with potentially dangerous species, the scientific name is normally used to refer to them. The name Leiurus quinquestriatus roughly translates into English as "five-striped smooth-tail". Other species of the genus Leiurus are often referred to as "deathstalkers" as well.
It is known to occur quite commonly in deserts of North Africa and South West Africa. L. quinquestriatus can be found in desert and scrubland habitats ranging from North Africa through to the Middle East. Countries where it lives include Algeria, Chad, Egypt, Ethiopia, Libya, Mali, Niger, Somalia, Sudan, Tunisia, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Iran, Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen.
The Death Stalker Scorpion is straw yellow in color, and can grow 3.5 to 4.5 inches in length. It is comparatively lightly built compared to other scorpions, with a long thin tail and slender pedipalps (claw). Note that the dark segment on the tail is sometimes faint or even missing, which can complicate identification.
The deathstalker is regarded as a highly dangerous species because its venom is a powerful cocktail of neurotoxins, with a low LD50 rating. While a sting from this scorpion would be extremely painful, it would be unlikely to kill an otherwise healthy, adult human. However, young children, the old, or infirm (such as those with a heart condition) would be at much greater risk. Any envenomation runs the risk of anaphylaxis, a potentially life-threatening allergic reaction to the venom. If a sting from Leiurus quinquestriatus does prove fatal, the cause of death is usually pulmonary edema.
One component of the deathstalker's venom, the peptide chlorotoxin, has shown potential for treating human brain tumors. There has also been some evidence to show that other components of the venom may aid in the regulation of insulin, and could be used to treat diabetes
Despite the inherent danger in keeping such a highly venomous species as a pet, so-called "Deathstalker" scorpions are readily available in the exotic pet trade. They make hardy captives, and feed readily on commercially available crickets. They tend to be a nervous and aggressive species, only recommended for the most experienced of arachnid keepers. As with any dangerous scorpion, a potential L.quinquestriatus keeper should think very carefully before acquiring one because its sting may have serious consequences which extend beyond the obvious risks of serious injury or death. Depending on the jurisdiction in which the keeper lives, some form of license or insurance policy may be required in order to possess a dangerous scorpion. Extra precautions must be taken to ensure that the scorpion cannot escape.
BRAZILIAN YELLOW SCORPION
The Yellow Scorpion (Tityus serrulatus) is a Brazilian scorpion which is extensively studied. Even though there are few documented deaths (death mainly comes from children under 7), the symptoms is severe and among 5 percent of the patients studied. There is systemic involvement. This represents a very significant percentage.
COMMON EUROPEAN SCORPION
The Common European Scorpion (Buthus occitanus tunetanus) represents well the genus Buthus. This scorpion is found in South France and has much less potent venom.
FAT-TAILED SCORPION (P. TRANSVAALICUS)
The Fat-Tailed Scorpion (Parabuthus transvaalicus) is one of the largest buthid and can attain 4.5 to 5 inches in size. The pedipalp is very slender and the metasoma very wide. Males has more bulbous and shorter chelae and are smaller size with longer pectines. It is generally chocolate brown and is lighter at the legs and pedipalp. Its telson is large and bulbous with granular bumps and reddish setae. P. transvaalicus comes from a geopolitical and geographic region called Transvaal in South Africa (Botswana, South Africa, Rhodesia and Mozambique).
There are very few deaths caused by this species. It is placed here to allow comparison with A. bicolor which look slightly similar. Difference is observed in coloration, body shape and texture. An easier gauge is that this comes from South Africa while A. bicolor is more common in North Africa.
This species together with Parabuthus villosus and several other Parabuthus spp is capable of spraying aerosol of venom up to a distance of about 2 feet. Severe pain and temporary blindness is generally experienced by victims and permanent damage is possible if not washed out immediately. It is strongly recommended for anyone in direct exposure to Parabuthus spp to wear goggles. As the venom quantity it is capable of injecting is quite high, it may be quite dangerous to handle. However, experience from scorpion handlers suggests none of the serious systemic toxic effect.
YELLOW LEGGED CREEPING SCORPION
The Yellow Legged Creeping Scorpion (Opistopthalmus glabrifons) belongs to the family Scorpionidae from South Africa. No deaths has been attributed to it but research shows that O. glabrifons venom cause systemic neurologic symptoms in some victims. This generally means quite serious envenomation non-typical of Scorpionidae stings. Anyone handling scorpions need to exercise caution even in supposedly safe species.
OTHER SCORPIONS
LESSER ASIAN SCORPION (MESOBUTHUS EUPEUS)
The epidemiology and clinical findings of scorpion stings in Sanliurfa region of Turkey, from May to September 2003, were evaluated in this study. Mesobuthus eupeus (M. eupeus) plays a role on 25.8 percent of the scorpionism cases. This study also showed that intoxications caused by M. eupeus in the southeast of Anatolia region were seen in hot months of the summer, especially on July. Females and people above 15 years old were mostly affected and stung on extremities. Intense pain in the affected area was observed in 98.7 percent cases, hyperemia in 88.8 percent, swelling in 54.6 percent, burning in 19.7 percent, while numbness and itching were seen less frequently. In our study, the six most frequently observed symptoms were local pain, hyperemia, swelling, burning, dry mouth, thirst, sweating, and hypotension. In this study involving 152 M. eupeus toxicity cases, patients showed local and systemic clinical effects but no death was seen. Autonomic system and local effects characterized by severe pain, hyperemia and edema were dominantly seen in toxicity cases.
BRAZILIAN SCORPION (TITYUS BAHIENSIS)
Tityus is a large genus of scorpions belonging to the family Buthidae. There are currently 185 described species distributed throughout the Caribbean and South America and in Central America as far north as Costa Rica. The genus contains several dangerously venomous scorpions, the best known of which is the Brazilian yellow scorpion T. serrulatus whose venom can cause severe symptoms (which can include death in small children). Tityus serrulatus and Tityus bahiensis are considered to be the most venomous.
WHIP SCORPION
Tailless whip scorpions (often called whip spiders), are scientifically referred to as amblypigids because they belong to the order Amblypigi. They have been given the name tailless whip scorpions because of their lack of a tail (telson). Amblypigid means "blunt rump". One look at a whip scorpion helps you decide how this animal got its name. It looks like a scorpion with a whip for a tail. But this arachnid is not a true scorpion. Its tail has no stinger.
Amblypygids are unique in that they have six walking legs, whereas other arachnids have eight. The reason for this is that amblypygids' first "ancestral" walking legs have been modified into sensory organs. These long sensory "feelers" can be twice the length of the body and are used to probe the environment. Because amblypygids are active in environments where there is very little light, these modified "legs" are extremely important to them for sensing their surroundings.
Another distinguishing feature of amblypygids is their pincer-like pedipalps. These structures act like the "claws" of the preying mantis or the mantid shrimp. Amblypygids use them to grasp prey, which are then brought into the body to be sliced by their shearing mouth-parts (called chelicerae).
Whip scorpions hunt for insects and other prey at night. Whip scorpions use their front claws as feelers to help them find their way. When a whip scorpion locates an insect, it uses its claws to grab and crush its prey.
A whip scorpion does not have a sting to defend itself, but it does have strong claws. Those claws can deliver a painful pinch. Some whip scorpions have another defense. These scorpions spray a mist from their tails. The mist is made of a vinegar-like acid that can hurt and burn an enemy.
Currently there are 5 families, 17 genera and 136 species of amblypigids found around the world in tropical and subtropical climates. Part of the reason whip scorpions (whip spiders) have so many myths surrounding them is that European and North American writers lacked first-hand experiences with amblypygids, which are not found in temperate zones.
Although these creatures are scary looking, they are considered to be completely harmless. They have no way of inflicting stings, or in any way hurting a human being. Amblypygids do not have venom, and their formidable pedipalps are used solely for the capturing small prey like tiny crickets crawling on tree trunks.
The vast majority of amblypigids are nocturnal, meaning that they are active only at night. During the day they hang out in crevices in trees or underneath rocks. Some amblypygids can also be found living in caves.
Males of the same species have extremely interesting ways of establishing dominance. When unfamiliar individuals encounter one another, they engage in a kind of "fighting" behavior. Individuals typically display their pedipalps to each other, and flick one another with their long first legs. Sometimes these fights escalate, and males make full contact with their bodies and push against each other. Fights end when one animal either retreats or allows his opponent to step over him. If a winner and loser are kept together after fighting, the loser will avoid the winner and/or perform submissive gestures to avoid another battle.
Amblypigid parental care is extremely fascinating. Juveniles cling to their mother's abdomen for several days after birth. Up until they molt and leave their mother's care, "baby" amblypygids are generally white, and thus it is quite obvious when mothers have just given birth to young.
Very little is known about whip scorpions. There are probably only about a dozen people in the world that are actively researching any aspect of their lives.
SCORPION STING PREVENTION
When handled or disturbed, scorpions can inflict a painful sting using the poison gland at the end of the tail.
Avoiding their habitats helps prevent stings.
Do not put your fingers or toes where you cannot see them.
Shake out your clothes and shoes before putting them on, especially if you are outdoors. Always wear shoes when outdoors, particularly around swimming pools or other water sources.
Be careful when camping or during other outdoor activities to make sure that a scorpion has not made a home in your clothes, shoes or sleeping bags.
If you find scorpions in your home be sure to look under your bed linens before getting into bed.
Remember scorpions are active at night. Watch out for them after dark.
Never play with scorpions. Even though they are interesting, they are wild creatures and might hurt you.
SCORPIONS AS PETS
Scorpions have been kept as pets, but this practice is strongly discouraged. Scorpions should never be kept indoors or around small children. Scorpions with even relatively low poison levels can produce fatal reactions in young children and also in adults allergic to the toxin.
SCORPION PEST CONTROL
Scorpions are difficult to control with insecticides alone. Therefore, the first control strategy is to modify the area surrounding a house.
- Remove all trash, logs, boards, stones, bricks and other objects from around the home.
- Keep grass closely mowed near the home. Prune bushes and overhanging tree branches away from the house. Tree branches can provide a path to the roof for scorpions.
- Store garbage containers in a frame that allows them to rest above ground level.
- Never bring firewood inside the house unless it is placed directly on the fire.
- Install weather-stripping around loose fitting doors and windows.
- Plug weep holes in brick veneer homes with steel wool, pieces of nylon scouring pad or small squares of screen wire.
- Caulk around roof eaves, pipes and any other cracks into the home.
- Keep window screens in good repair. Make sure they fit tightly in the window frame.
To control scorpions with chemicals, use insecticide products that contain any of the following:
- Permethrin (Prelude, Dragnet).
- Cyfluthrin (Tempo).
- Cypermethrin (Demon).
- Lambda-cyhalothrin (Demand CS).
- Deltamethrin (Suspend).
- Propoxur (Baygon).
- Diazinon.
- Chlorpyrifos (Dursban).
- Malathion.
- Synergized pyrethrins.
Apply pesticides around the foundation of the house and up to 1 foot above ground level on the exterior walls. Also apply pesticides around doors, window eaves and other potential points of entry. Follow directions on the package for dosage, mixing and application methods.
TIPS FOR EXTERMINATION PROFESSIONALS
Wettable powder formulations provide better residual control for crawling pests when applying perimeter sprays.
When using pyrethroids or other insecticides labeled for scorpion control, be sure to use the highest permissible label rate.
Contact your local Department of Agriculture Office about the use of suggested pesticides and their uses in your region and policy changes. The person using pesticides is always responsible for the effects of pesticide residues on his/her livestock and crops, as well as problems that could arise from drift or movement of the pesticide from his/her property to that of others.
DIAGNOSIS & TREATMENT
In general, scorpions are not aggressive. They do not hunt for prey; they wait for it. Scorpions are nocturnal creatures; they hunt during the night and hide in crevices and burrows during the day to avoid the light. Thus, accidental human stinging occurs when scorpions are touched while in their hiding places, with most of the stings occurring on the hands and feet.
Scorpions use their pincers to grasp their prey; then, they arch their tail over their body to drive their stinger into the prey to inject their venom, sometimes more than once. The scorpion can voluntarily regulate how much venom to inject with each sting. The striated muscles in the stinger allow regulation of the amount of venom ejected, which is usually 0.1-0.6 mg. If the entire supply of venom is used, several days must elapse before the supply is replenished. Furthermore, scorpions with large venom sacs, such as the Parabuthus species, can even squirt their venom.
The venom glands are located on the tail lateral to the tip of the stinger and are composed of 2 types of tall columnar cells. One type produces the toxins, while the other produces mucus. The potency of the venom varies with the species, with some producing only a mild flu and others producing death within an hour. Generally, the venom is distributed rapidly into the tissue if it is deposited into a venous structure. Venom deposited via the intravenous route can cause symptoms only 4-7 minutes after the injection, with a peak tissue concentration in 30 minutes and an overall toxin elimination half-life of 4.2 to 13.4 hours through the urine. The more rapidly the venom enters the bloodstream, the higher the venom concentration in the blood and the more rapid the onset of systemic symptoms.
Scorpion venom is a water-soluble, antigenic, heterogenous mixture, as demonstrated on electrophoresis studies. This heterogeneity accounts for the variable patient reactions to the scorpion sting. However, the closer the phylogenetic relationship between the scorpions, the more similar the immunological properties. Furthermore, the various constituents of the venom may act directly or indirectly and individually or synergistically to manifest their effects. In addition, differences in the amino acid sequence of each toxin account for their differences in the function and immunology. Thus, any modifications of the amino acid sequence result in modification of the function and immunology of the toxin.
The venom is composed of varying concentrations of neurotoxin, cardiotoxin, nephrotoxin, hemolytic toxin, phosphodiesterases, phospholipases, hyaluronidases, glycosaminoglycans, histamine, serotonin, tryptophan, and cytokine releasers. The most potent toxin is the neurotoxin, of which 2 classes exist. Both of these classes are heat-stable, have low molecular weight, and are responsible for causing cell impairment in nerves, muscles, and the heart by altering ion channel permeability.
The long-chain polypeptide neurotoxin causes stabilization of voltage-dependent sodium channels in the open position, leading to continuous, prolonged, repetitive firing of the somatic, sympathetic, and parasympathetic neurons. This repetitive firing results in autonomic and neuromuscular over-excitation symptoms, and it prevents normal nerve impulse transmissions. Furthermore, it results in release of excessive neurotransmitters such as epinephrine, norepinephrine, acetylcholine, glutamate, and aspartate. Meanwhile, the short polypeptide neurotoxin blocks the potassium channels.
The binding of these neurotoxins to the host is reversible, but different neurotoxins have different affinities. The stability of the neurotoxin is due to the 4 disulfide bridges that fold the neurotoxin into a very compact 3-dimensional structure, thus making it resistant to pH and temperature changes. However, reagents that can break the disulfide bridges can inactivate this toxin by causing it to unfold. Also, the antigenicity of this toxin is dependent on the length and number of exposed regions that are sticking out of the 3-dimensional structure.
FREQUENCY IN THE UNITED STATES
A total of 13,000 stings have been reported, with the majority being from the non-lethal scorpions. Only 1 of 30 scorpion species found in the United States is dangerous to humans. This lethal scorpion species is the straw-colored Centruroides. Less than 1 percent of stings from Centruroides are lethal to adults; however, 25 percent of children younger than 5 years who are stung die if not treated. The epidemiological features of a patient who has been envenomed show a disposition for rural areas (73 percent), with most of the stings occurring in the summer months between 6:00 pm and 12:00 am (49 percent) and a second peak from 6:00 am to 12:00 pm (30 percent). Both of these peaks coincide maximum human activity with maximum scorpion activity. Furthermore, the larger the scorpion population, the larger the incidence rate. Because the offending scorpion is recovered for identification in only 30 percent of the cases, local knowledge of the type of scorpion populating the area is useful.
FREQUENCY INTERNATIONALLY
Scorpion stings occur in temperate and tropical regions, especially between the latitudes of 50°N and 50°S of the equator. Furthermore, stings predominantly occur during the summer and evening times. In addition, the majority of patients are stung outside their home.
A recent 5-year surveillance study in Saudi Arabia found 6465 scorpion sting cases with a mean patient age of 23 years, a male-to-female ratio of 1.9, and a higher incidence of stings in the months of May-October.
MORTALITY & MORBIDITY
The under-reporting of scorpion stings is frequent because most envenomations occur in desert and jungle areas that do not have large medical facilities. Furthermore, reporting is not required.
Most deaths occur during the first 24 hours after the sting and are secondary to respiratory or cardiovascular failure.
Children and elderly persons are at the greatest risk for morbidity and mortality. A smaller child, a lower body weight, and a larger ratio of venom to body weight lead to a more severe reaction. A mortality rate of 20 percent is reported in untreated babies, 10 percent in untreated school-aged children, and 1 percent in untreated adults.
Furthermore, patients in rural areas tend to fare worse than patients in urban areas because of the delay in getting medical help due to a longer travel time to medical centers. Fortunately, better public education, improved control of the scorpion population, increased supportive therapies, and more technologically advanced intensive care units have combined to produce a substantial decrease in mortality from these envenomations.
RACE
No racial predilection exists. Any differences in individual reactions to the scorpion sting are a reflection of that individual's genetic composition rather than race.
SEX
Females are more susceptible than males to the same amount of scorpion venom because of their lower body weight.
AGE While adults are stung more often than children, children are more likely to develop a more rapid progression and increased severity of symptoms because of their lower body weight. Furthermore, elderly persons are more susceptible to stings because of their decreased physiologic reserves and increased debilitation.
SCORPION STING - GENERAL FIRST-AID
First aid for a scorpion sting is simple:
- Wash the sting site with soap and water.
- You may apply a cool compress to the sting site. Ice may or may not be recommended.
- Numbness and tingling should pass away in time.
- If symptoms persist or are severe, seek medical attention.
- Keep your tetanus shots and boosters current.
WILDERNESS FIRST-AID
Find out in advance if the wilderness area you are visiting is likely to be populated by centruroides (the only dangerous kind of scorpion). These are usually found in New Mexico, Arizona, Southern Utah and Mexico.
Exercise caution when stepping or reaching into places where scorpions are likely to be: dark places like wood piles, underneath rocks, inside shoes, or roaming the ground after dark.
Look for the signs and symptoms of a scorpion sting: burning pain, swelling or numbness at the site of the sting.
Clean the sting with an antiseptic cleanser.
Apply an ice pack to the site of the sting.
Immobilize the extremity which was stung until you can establish whether the sting has produced severe poisoning . Keep the extremity immobilized if an evacuation is necessary.
Administer an antihistamine such as Benadryl to reduce swelling and itching.
Monitor the injured person for signs and symptoms of severe poisoning: muscle spasms, convulsions, impaired vision or speech, nausea, vomiting, difficulty breathing, impaired circulation. If any of these symptoms are present, evacuate immediately to a hospital to receive an antivenom (antivenin).
Evacuate immediately if the person stung is a child or elderly person, or if you suspect the sting was from a centruroide.
The stings from Texas scorpions produce only moderate reactions in most people because the poison has little affect on the nervous system. However, a person who is stung by a scorpion should be watched closely for adverse reactions. An ice pack applied to the affected area will relieve some pain. If swelling and/or pain persists or if breathing difficulties occur, immediate medical attention is necessary.
If you are stung by the Arizona Bark Scorpion, the most dangerous of the Arizona scorpions, it is not likely to be fatal. Local Arizona medical centers are familiar with the treatment. The Arizona Bark Scorpion is venomous. Arizona Bark Scorpion sting symptoms are immediate pain or burning, very little swelling, sensitivity to touch, and a numbness/tingling sensation. The Arizona Bark Scorpion sting may have additional symptoms such as numbness or tingling of extremities or face, blurry vision, or muscle twitching. When stung by an Arizona Bark Scorpion, children may start to exhibit hyperactivity and have roving eye movements.
If you are victim of a scorpion sting, wash the area with soap and water. Apply a cool compress on the area of the scorpion sting. Ice (wrapped in a washcloth or other suitable covering) may be applied to the sting location for 10 minutes. Remove compress for 10 minutes and repeat as necessary. Call the Poison Control Center at (800) 362-0101 or your local poison center (see your phone book). If you develop symptoms of an Arizona Bark Scorpion sting, go to the nearest emergency room.
Very few people die from scorpion stings, even the sting of the Arizona bark scorpion. Scorpion stings are most dangerous to the very young and the very old. Pets are also at risk.
While the dangerous scorpions are limited to the southwestern region of the United States, their stings are not necessarily deadly, however they are extremely painful. Compared with their U.S. counterparts, Mexican scorpions are another matter altogether. Some 2,000 people a year die from their stings. Any type of scorpion stings require emergency medical attention and should be approached in the same way as a snake bite. It is possible for hyper-acute (typically allergic) reactions to occur in susceptible individuals, taking the form of blurring of consciousness, unconsciousness, convulsions, a rapid drop in blood pressure, shock, and, in extreme cases, death.
In general, scorpions are not aggressive. They do not hunt for prey; they wait for it. Scorpions are nocturnal creatures; they hunt during the night and hide in crevices and burrows during the day to avoid the light. Thus, accidental human stinging occurs when scorpions are touched while in their hiding places, with most of the stings occurring on the hands and feet.
Scorpion stings are a major public health problem in many underdeveloped tropical countries. For every person killed by a poisonous snake, 10 are killed by a poisonous scorpion. In Mexico, 1000 deaths from scorpion stings occur per year. In the United States, only 4 deaths in 11 years have occurred as a result of scorpion stings. Furthermore, scorpions can be found outside their normal range of distribution, ie, when they accidentally crawl into luggage, boxes, containers, or shoes and are unwittingly transported home via human travelers.
Scorpions are basically immune to most pesticides. If you suspect your house has scorpions, call a professional exterminator.
CLINICAL PATIENT HISTORY
For patients presenting with scorpion stings, ascertaining the following is essential:
- Time of envenomation.
- Nature of the incident.
- Description of the scorpion.
- Local and systemic symptoms.
The toxicity, variation, and duration of the symptoms depends on the following factors:
- Scorpion species.
- Scorpion age, size, and nutritional status.
- Healthiness of the scorpion's stinging apparatus (telson).
- Number of stings and quantity of venom injected.
- Depth of the sting penetration.
- Composition of the venom.
- Site of envenomation: Closer proximity of the sting to the head and torso results in quicker venom absorption into the central circulation and a quicker onset of symptoms.
- Age of the victim.
- Health of the victim.
- Weight of the victim relative to amount of venom.
- Presence of comorbidities.
- Treatment effectiveness.
Generally, intrathecal and intravenous routes have immediate effects, while subcutaneous and intramuscular routes take effect several minutes to hours later.
Non-lethal scorpion species tend to produce local reactions similar to a hymenopteran sting, while lethal scorpion species tend to produce systemic symptoms. The duration to progress to systemic symptoms ranges from 5 minutes to 4 hours after the sting. The symptoms generally persist for 10-48 hours.
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
The signs of the envenomation are determined by the scorpion species, venom composition, and the victim's physiological reaction to the venom. The signs occur within a few minutes after the sting and usually progress to a maximum severity within 5 hours. The signs last for 24-72 hours and do not have an apparent sequence. Thus, predicting the evolution of signs over time is difficult. Furthermore, a false recovery followed by a total relapse is common.
A person who has been stung by a scorpion usually has 4 signs, with the most common being mydriasis, nystagmus, hypersalivation, dysphagia, and restlessness. The mode of death is usually via respiratory failure secondary to anaphylaxis, bronchoconstriction, bronchorrhea, pharyngeal secretions, and/or diaphragmatic paralysis, even though venom-induced multi-organ failure plays a large role.
Children present with the same symptoms and signs as adults, except their symptoms are more severe and protracted. Furthermore, they may display a restlessness that is out of proportion when compared to any other disease. A child's symptoms have been described as inconsolable crying; uncontrollable jerking of the extremities; and chaotic thrashing, flailing, and writhing combined with contorted facial grimaces. The symptoms mimic a centrally mediated seizure, but the patient is awake and alert the entire time.
The grading of these scorpion envenomations depends on whether or not neurological signs predominate and is as follows:
Non-neurological Predominance
- Mild - Local signs.
- Moderate - Ascending local signs or mild systemic signs.
- Severe - Life-threatening systemic signs.
Neurologic Predominance
- Grade I - Local pain or paresthesia at the sting site (83 percent).
- Grade II - Pain or paresthesia that has traveled from the sting site (9.1 percent).
- Grade III - Either cranial nerve or somatic neuromuscular dysfunction (4.7 percent).
- Grade IV - Both cranial nerve and somatic neuromuscular dysfunction (3 percent).
Local Signs
- Neurotoxic Local Effects
- Local evidence of a sting may be minimal or absent in as many as 50 percent of cases of neurotoxic scorpion stings. In fact, tissue necrosis is rarely found.
- A sharp burning pain sensation at the sting site, followed by pruritus, erythema, local tissue swelling, and ascending hyperesthesia, may be reported. This paresthesia feels like an electric current, persists for several weeks, and is the last symptom to resolve before the victim recovers.
- The tap test is administered by tapping at the sting site. A positive result is when the paresthesia worsens with the tapping because the site is hypersensitive to touch and temperature. In fact, wearing clothing over the area and sudden changes in temperature exacerbate the symptoms.
- Cytotoxic Local Effects
- A macule or papule appears initially at the sting site, occurring within the first hour of the sting.
- The diameter of the lesion is dependent on the quantity of venom injected.
- The lesion progresses to a purpuric plague that will necrose and ulcerate.
- Lymphangitis results from the transfer of the venom through the lymphatic vessels.
- Non-Lethal Local Effects
- Pain, erythema, induration, and wheal may be present.
- These are secondary to venom activation of kinins and slow-releasing substances.
Neurologic signs: Most of the symptoms are due to either the release of catecholamines from the adrenal glands (sympathetic nerves) or the release of acetylcholine from postganglionic parasympathetic neurons. One study by Freire-Maia et al (1974) found that the adrenergic signs occur at a low venom dose, while cholinergic signs occur at high venom dose concentrations (ie, greater than 40 mcg/100 g in Tityus serrulatus scorpion venom). Furthermore, the adrenergic phase tended to be more dependent on the venom dose than the cholinergic phase. However, dual manifestations of the adrenergic and cholinergic signs are possible because of varying organ system sensitivities to these neurotransmitters.
- Central Nervous System Signs
- Thalamus-induced systemic paresthesia occurs in all 4 limbs.
- Patients experience venom-induced cerebral thrombosis strokes.
- The level of consciousness is altered, especially with restlessness, confusion, or delirium.
- Patients have abnormal behavior.
- Ataxia is also a sign.
- Autonomic Nervous System Signs - Predominately sympathetic signs, parasympathetic signs, or a combination of signs.
- Sympathetic Signs
- Hyperthermia.
- Tachypnea.
- Tachycardia.
- Hypertension.
- Arrhythmia.
- Hyperkinetic pulmonary edema.
- Hyperglycemia.
- Diaphoresis.
- Piloerection.
- Restlessness and apprehension.
- Hyperexcitability and convulsions.
- Parasympathetic Signs
- Bronchoconstriction,
- Bradycardia.
- Hypotension.
- Salivation, lacrimation, urination, diarrhea, and gastric emesis (SLUDGE).
- Rhinorrhea and bronchorrhea.
- Goose pimple skin.
- Loss of bowel and bladder control.
- Priapism.
- Dysphagia.
- Miosis.
- Generalized weakness.
- Somatic Signs
- Rigid spastic muscle of the limbs and torso.
- Involuntary muscle spasm, twitching, clonus, and contractures.
- Alternating opisthotonos and opisthotonus from inactivation of sodium channels, leading to increased sodium and calcium uptake.
- Increased tendon reflexes, especially prolongation of the relaxation phase.
- Piloerection accompanied by goose pimples.
- Cranial Nerve Signs
- Classic rotary eye movement may result in ptosis, nystagmus, and blurred vision.
- Mydriasis is a sign.
- Patients may have tongue fasciculations.
- Dysphagia, dysarthria, and stridor occur secondary to pharyngeal reflex loss or muscle spasm.
- Patients may present with excessive salivation and drooling.
- Peripheral nervous system signs - Intense local burning pain with minimal swelling at sting site, followed by ascending numbness and tingling, then paralysis and convulsions.
Non-Neurologic Systemic Signs
- Cardiovascular signs - Usually follow a pattern of a hyperdynamic phase followed by a hypodynamic phase.
- Hypertension is described as follows:
- Secondary to catecholamine and renin stimulation.
- Observed as early as within 4 minutes after the sting.
- Lasts a few hours.
- High enough to produce hypertensive encephalopathy.
- Hypotension - Less common and occurs secondary to excess acetylcholine or catecholamine depletion.
- Tachycardia is greater than 130 beats per minute, although bradycardia can be observed.
- Transient apical pansystolic murmur is consistent with papillary muscle damage.
- Cardiovascular collapse occurs secondary to biventricular dysfunction and profuse loss of fluids from sweating, vomiting, diarrhea, and hypersalivation.
- Observed in 7-38 percent of cardiovascular cases.
- Mild envenomation - Vascular effect with vasoconstriction hypertension.
- Moderate envenomation - Left ventricular failure hypotension with and without an elevated pulmonary artery wedge pressure, depending on fluid status of the patient.
- Severe envenomation - Biventricular cardiogenic shock.
- Cardiac dysfunctions attributed to catecholamine-induced increases in myocardial metabolism oxygen demand (leading to myocardial ischemia-induced myocardial hypoperfusion) and to the direct effects of the toxin (leading to myocarditis).
- Respiratory Signs
- Tachypnea may be present.
- Pulmonary edema with hemoptysis and a normal-sized heart is observed in 7-32 percent of respiratory cases. This is secondary to a direct toxin-induced increased pulmonary vessel permeability effect and is also secondary to catecholamine-induced effects of hypoxia and intracellular calcium accumulation, which leads to a decrease in left ventricular compliance with resultant ventricular dilation and diastolic dysfunction.
- Respiratory failure may occur secondary to diaphragm paralysis, alveolar hypoventilation, and bronchorrhea.
- Allergic Signs
- Patients may have urticaria.
- Angioedema is reported.
- Patients may present with bronchospasm.
- Anaphylaxis is possible.
- Gastrointestinal Signs
- Patients may present with excessive salivation.
- Dysphagia is possible.
- Nausea and vomiting are reported.
- Gastric hyperdistention occurs secondary to vagal stimulation.
- Increased gastric acid output may lead to gastric ulcers.
- Acute pancreatitis may lead to hyperglycemia.
- Liver glycogenolysis may occur from catecholamine stimulation.
- Toxic Hepatitis.
- Genitourinary Signs
- Patients have decreased renal plasma flow.
- Toxin-induced acute tubular necrosis renal failure may occur.
- Rhabdomyolysis renal failure may result from venom-induced excessive motor activity.
- Priapism may occur secondary to cholinergic stimulation. One small study by Bawaskar (1982) found a positive prognostic correlation to the development of cardiac manifestations following scorpion stings.
- Hematological Signs
- Platelet aggregation may occur because of catecholamine stimulation.
- Disseminated intravascular coagulation with massive hemorrhage may result from venom-induced defibrination.
- Metabolic Signs
- Hyperglycemia may occur from catecholamine-induced hepatic glycogenolysis, pancreatitis, and insulin inhibition.
- Increased lactic acidosis may occur from hypoxia and venom-induced increased lactase dehydrogenase activity.
- Patients may have an electrolyte imbalance and dehydration from hypersalivation, vomiting, diaphoresis, and diarrhea.
- Pregnancy Signs - Toxin-induced uterine contraction.
- Symptoms predictive of hospital admission.
- Priapism (odds ratio 150.59)
- Vomiting (odds ratio 15.82)
- Systolic blood pressure (SBP) greater than 160 (odds ratio 13.38)
- Temperature greater than 38°C (odds ratio 3.66)
- Heart rate greater than 100 beats per minute (odds ratio 3.35)
Symptomology of Specific Scorpion Species
- Mesobuthus, Tityus, and Leiurus - Tend to cause severe cardiovascular symptoms
- Centruroides - Tend to cause neurological symptoms
- Hemiscorpius - Tend to cause tissue necrosis.
SCORPION VENOM & LETHAL DOSE RISKS
Scorpions are shy creatures and only sting if threatened, cornered, or disturbed (eg, being sat or stepped upon).
Curious individuals are at risk because of increased interaction with the scorpion.
The median lethal dose 50 (LD50) of various scorpion venoms in mg/kg of a subcutaneous injection into mice and the territorial distribution are listed below. Unfortunately, humans are much more sensitive than mice.
- Leiurus quinquestriatus (Middle East) - 0.25 mg/kg
- Androctonus crassicauda (Saudi Arabia) - 0.08-0.5 mg/kg
- Centruroides noxius (Mexico) - 0.26 mg/kg.
- Androctonus mauritanicus (North Africa) - 0.32 mg/kg.
- Centruroides santa maria (Central America) - 0.39 mg/kg.
- Tityus serrulatus (Brazil) - 0.43 mg/kg.
- Buthus occitanus (North Africa) - 0.9 mg/kg.
- Centruroides sculpturatus (Southwest United States) - 1.12 mg/kg.
- Mesobuthus eupeus (Iran) - 1.45 mg/kg.
Generally, most lethal scorpions have an LD50 below 1.5 mg/kg.
The average yield per scorpion via electrical excitation of the venom gland for a few species is listed below.
- Tityus species - 0.39-0.62 mg.
- L quinquestriatus - 0.62 mg.
- Buthus species - 0.38-1.5 mg.
Milking the venom gland produces approximately a 4-fold increase in yield amount compared to electrical excitation.
MEDICATIONS FOR ALLERGIC REACTION
An allergic reaction is treated with epinephrine (adrenaline). Several self-injectable devices are available by prescription including Epi-Pen, ANA-Kit, and others. These devices are filled with the epinephrine to be injected in to the subcutaneous tissue or muscle, preferably into the front of the thigh. These self-injected devices usually contain only one dose and, on occasion, more than one dose is needed. Venom extractors are commercially available, but they have not been demonstrated to have any benefit.
If a serious sting occurs medical attention can be necessary, even if epinephrine is used and all seems stable! The allergic reaction can subsequently progress and become more serious after epinephrine has worn off. Sometimes epinephrine is not enough and intravenous fluids or other treatment is needed. If you are known to be seriously allergic to insects you must remember to carry the epinephrine at all times especially when out of reach of medical care (such as in the woods or even on an airplane). If epinephrine is not available when you are stung, contact a health care provider as soon as possible. In addition to epinephrine, an oral dose of antihistamine (like Benadryl) can reduce the symptoms of an allergic reaction. Antihistamines take effect in about one hour. Ultimately, however, it is crucial to first avoid the sting, so such treatment isn't necessary!
HOLISTIC HOME TREATMENT & NUTRITIONAL RECOMMENDATIONS
The recommendations for nutritional supplements and herbs outlined below are intended to alleviate pain and hasten healing after appropriate medical care has been administered. They are NOT meant to substitute for medical care.
CONSIDERATIONS
Treatment of a scorpion sting may include applying an ice pack wrapped in cloth to ease pain at the site of the sting. Injections of a morphine-based painkiller; and, in the case of more serious symptoms, treatment similar to those used for a snakebite. The individual must receive treatment, including supportive medical treatment, as quickly as possible. There is antivenom (antivenin) available for scorpion venom. It use must be overseen by a health care provider.
HERBS
Any of the following poultices may be beneficial. See Poultices for more information.
- A combination of Dandelion and Yellow Dock relieves itchy skin.
- Fenugreek and Flaxseed mixed with Slippery Elm Bark is useful for treating inflammation.
Herbal Remedies: Golden Flax Seeds, NOW Foods, Whole Bulk, 16 fl. oz.
Herbal Remedies: Barlean's Flax Oil, 100% Highest Lignan Content, Organic, Pesticides & Herbicide Free, Drip-Free Squeeze Bottle, 16 fl. oz.
Herbal Remedies: Forti-Flax, 100% Certified Organic Ground Flaxseed, Barlean's, 16 oz.
- Goldenseal is good for inflammations of all kinds.
Herbal Remedies: Goldenseal Supplements & Products
- Poultices made with Lobelia and Charcoal are helpful for insect bites. See Using A Poultice for more information.
Herbal Remedies: Lobelia Extract Tincture, Herbal Remedies USA, 2 fl. oz.
Calendula flowers mixed with alcohol and made into tincture should be kept on hand for stings and other "surface" injuries. A poultice made from the fresh flower heads is also good.
Herbal Remedies: Calendula Products
A cream containing 5 percent Tea Tree Oil helps to heal insect bites, stings, sunburn, cuts, rashes, and other skin irritations. Tea Tree Oil and Calendula are natural insecticides and help to keep insects at bay. Tea tree oil can be rubbed on exposed areas of the skin to deter insects. It can also be applied to bites. If pure tea tree oil is too strong, dilute it with canola oil or another low-fragrance vegetable oil until a tolerable strength is achieved.
Herbal Remedies: Tea Tree Essential Oil, 100% Pure, NOW Foods, 1 fl. oz.
You can also try Cedar, Eucalyptus, and/or Tea Tree Oil. It is available as a topical cream, oil, spray or lotion to apply to skin irritations.
Mountain Rose Herbs: Injur Heal Balm, Mountain Rose, 1 oz.
A loving companion for athletes, outdoor enthusiasts, and those who take part in strenuous activities. Wonderful to use on bruises, sore muscles, and general aches and pains. This balm is based on our popular & effective Injur Heal Oil. Use immediately after arduous exercise, exertion or injury to prevent, relieve and reduce swelling, bruises and pain. Do not use on open wounds. Contains: Organic Arnica Flowers, St. John's Wort flowers, organic Calendula flowers, organic Olive oil, Beeswax, Lavender essential oil, and Vitamin E oil. Packaged in a 1 oz tin.
Apple Cider Vinegar diluted with water in a one-to-one ratio reduces skin irritations resulting from insects.
Herbal Remedies: Organic Apple Cider Vinegar (Mother), Dynamic Health, 16 fl. oz.
Echinacea taken in tea or capsule form, boosts the immune system.
Herbal Remedies: Echinacea Immune Support Tea, Yogi Tea, Certified Organic, 16 Tea Bags.
Herbal Remedies: Echinacea Tincture For Children, Orange Flavor, Alcohol Free, 100% Organic, 1 fl. oz.
Herbal Remedies: Echinacea Root Complex, Nature's Way, 180 Caps
Herbal Remedies: 5-Echinacea Supplement, Vegetarian, Herbal Remedies USA, 1,000 mg, 60 Liquid VCaps
Herbal Remedies: Echinacea Extract, Standardized, Nature's Way, 340 mg, 60 Caps
Herbal Remedies: EchinaGuard Echinacea Supplement Tincture, Nature's Way, 1 fl. oz.
Herbal Remedies: Echinacea Products & Supplements
Ginkgo Biloba helps to relieve muscle pains.
Herbal Remedies: Ginkgo Leaf Powder (Ginkgo Biloba), 4 oz. Bulk
Herbal Remedies: Irwin Naturals Advanced Ginkgo Smart, 90 GelCaps
Herbal Remedies: Ginkgo Biloba Extract, Standardized, Nature's Way, 60 mg, 120 VCaps
Herbal Remedies: Ginkgold Max, Ginkgo Biloba Extract, Vegetarian, Nature's Way, 120 mg, 60 Tabs
Herbal Remedies: Ginkgo Biloba Herbal Tea, 20 Tea Bags
Herbal Remedies: Ginkgo Supplements & Products
Yellow Dock purifies the blood and is beneficial for many problems affecting the skin. Drink as much Yellow Dock tea as you can, or take 2 capsules of Yellow Dock every hour until symptoms are relieved.
Herbal Remedies: Yellow Dock Root, 500 mg, 100 Caps
Herbal Remedies: Yellow Dock Supplement Tincture, 2 fl. oz.
Herbal Remedies: Yellow Dock Supplements & Products
ESSENTIAL OIL RECOMMENDATIONS
Use essential oils of Basil, Cinnamon, Lavender, Lemon, Sage, Savory, or Thyme for their antitoxic and antivenin properties. Apply a drop of essential oil on the sting.
Clary Sage Essential Oil or a mixture of fresh Clary Sage (Salvia Sclarea) leaves boiled in Coconut Oil is a common first-aid treatment and cure in Jamaica for scorpion Stings. A cold extract has been applied topically can help reduce inflammation.
Make a paste using a Charcoal capsule and a few drops of Goldenseal extract and place it on a piece of gauze. Apply the gauze to the bite or sting and cover it with a bandage. This will draw out the poisons and aid in fast relief. Do this immediately after being bitten, if possible. Use charcoal only recommended for internal use.
Herbal Remedies: Goldenseal Root Tincture (Hydrastis Canadensis), 100% Organic, 2 fl. oz.
Mountain Rose Herbs: Goldenseal Extract, Wild Harvested From Fresh Root, 1 oz or 4 oz
Herbal Remedies: Activated Charcoal Supplement, Nature's Way, 260 mg, 100 Caps
Apply calamine lotion to help relieve itching.
NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS
The following nutrients are important for healing once appropriate medical treatment has been administered. These are not a substitute for conventional medical treatment but are used as a complementary recommendation to speed the healing process and build up the immune system.
Unless otherwise specified, the following recommended doses are for those over the age of 18. For a child between 12 and 17 years old, reduce the dose to 3/4 the recommended amount. For a child between 6 and 12 years old, use 1/2 the recommended dose, and for a child under 6, use 1/4 the recommended amount.
INSECT BITE & STINGS SUPPLEMENTS & PRODUCTS
Information, supplements and products for insect bites and stings.
Bach Rescue Remedy Flower Essence Cream, 50 g
Bach Rescue Remedy Cream Flower Essence Cream base that can be used for any stress or trauma to your skin. Safe and natural. A great addition to your herbal first aid kit.Bentonite Clay, Pascalite, 100 Caps
Pascalite is a form of calcium bentonite containing at least twenty elements including iron, magnesium, and silicon, better than sodium bentonite. Uses as skin cleanser, conditioner, internally for heartburn, ulcers and for a natural mineral dietary supplement.Bromelain 2000 GDU Supplement, NOW Foods, 500 mg, 90 Tabs
NOW Foods Bromelain 2000 GDU, Bromelain Supplement, is a proteolytic digestive enzyme that can enhance absorption of protein.Bug Ban Natural Insect Repellant, NOW Foods, 4 oz.
Don't let a swarm of hungry mosquitoes ruin an evening of summer fun. NOW Bug Ban is an all natural insect repellent that helps prevent insect bites without the harsh chemicals found in many of today's popular, commercial formulas.Burt's Bees Bug Bite Relief, 0.25 oz.
When nature bites, fight back with this all-natural Burt's Bees Bug Bite Relief.Burt's Bees Herbal Insect Repellent, 4 oz. Spray
Burt's Bees Herbal Insect Repellent is safe enough to apply with confidence to adults, children and pets for long lasting natural protection against biting insects.Burt's Bees Natural Remedy Kit, All Natural
Burt's Bees Natural Remedy Kit is perfect for relieving the discomfort of minor skin irritations, burns, bruises, stings and scrapes. Included is Poison Ivy Soap, lip balm, hand salve, comfrey ointment, gardener's soap, natural peppermint breath drops and lemongrass insect repellant. Burt's Bees Natural Remedy Kit is a wonderful camping-size, briefcase size, suitcase size, glove-box size, or picnic basket size take-a-long kit for campers, farmers, athletes, gardeners, or just those with a love of the great outdoors, wind, rain, bugs, dirt, plants, animals, or whatever else makes you sting, itch or chap. This is a mini must have herbal first aid kit! These is also a great little unique gift idea.Calendula Cream, Nelson's Bach, Organic, 30 g / 1 oz.
Nelson's Bach Calendula cream is a soothing multi-purpose skin cream, especially prepared from the Calendula which offers soothing relief for rough, dry, irritated or chapped skin. Helps to restore healthy skin texture. Made with organically grown Calendula officinalis which provides relief for burns, and is gentle enough for rashes and chafing on babies sensitive skin. Directions: Check that the tube seal is not broken before first use. Pierce tube seal with point in tip of cap before first use. Apply the cream to the affected area & rub in lightly. Warnings: For external use only.Citronella Essential Oil, NOW Foods, 1 fl. oz.
Citronella Oil (Cymbopogon nardus) is an excellent topical oil that can be applied directly onto the skin to protect against insect bites.Colloidal Silver Lotion, SilvaSolution, Homeopathic, 4 fl. oz.
Effective for minor skin irritations, rashes hives, insect bites, sores, burns, inflammation, skin swelling and dry, itchy, cracked skin.Comfrey Leaf Powder, 4 oz. Bulk
One of the most well-known healing plants, especially for its ability to heal tissue and bone.Comfrey Leaf Ointment, Nature's Way, 2 oz.
Comfrey Leaf Ointment is a 100% all natural, mild scented herbal ointment.Cyani (Centaurea Cyanus) Tincture, 2 fl. oz.
Considered by the Plains Indians as an antidote for snake bites, insect bites and stings. Beneficial for nervous disorders, infections, eye disorders, and mouth sores/ulcers.Flax Protein / Fiber / Lignan Cold Milled Powder Plus Omega 2, Certified Organic, Nature's Way, 16 oz.
With 6 grams Fiber / 300 mg Lignan / 5 grams Protein (including 18 amino acids) per serving. Nature's Way EFAGold is one of Nature's richest sources of protein, fiber & essential fatty acids.Goldenseal Root Tincture (Hydrastis Canadensis), 100% Organic, 2 fl. oz.
Goldenseal is an antibacterial and antiseptic. Use especially when mucus turns thick and discolored. Use short term only with other herbs.Grape Seed Extract, Standardized, Nature's Way, 100 mg, 30 Caps
Nature's Way Standardized Grape Seed Extract are technically and scientifically advanced herbal product.Jewelweed Liquid Spray, Poison Ivy Treatment, 4 fl. oz.
Jewelweed is an effective natural Poison Ivy Treatment for poison ivy, poison oak, okra spines, stinging nettle, and other irritating plantsLavender Oil, 1 fl. oz.
There are many uses for lavender oil. It calms the nervous system, making it a sedative. It also reduces stress in the body with its anti-spasmodic qualities. When the body is relaxed, the mind can also relax. A tea made of lavender can be consumed as a sedative. Lavender oil can be placed, a drop at a time, on the temples to relieve headache, or in the bath to relax. Other uses of lavender oil, mixed with water or other herbal oils, are to relieve joint pain, as an antiseptic, and to aid digestion. But lavender's most common use is in reducing stress and headaches.Mosquito & Insect Shield With Catnip Oil, Nature's Herbal, 100% Natural, 8 fl. oz. Spray
For long lasting natural protection against mosquitoes, flies and other pests without the dangers of DEET based repellants. This shield contains 100% pure Catnip oil (nepetalactone), Pennyroyal oil (known to repel biting insects) & Pure Vegetable Glycerin for up to 8 hours of protection. Studies show Catnip oil is 10 times more effective than DEET at repelling mosquitoes.Neem Protect Natural Flea Spray For Pets, 8 fl. oz.
Ark Naturals Neem Protect Natural Flea Spray provides a safe, effective natural alternatives to synthetic pesticides for controlling fleas and other blood sucking insects that infest your pets.Neem Protect Pet Shampoo, 1 Gallon
Ark Naturals Neem Protect Pet Shampoo provides a safe, effective natural alternatives to synthetic pesticides for controlling fleas and other blood sucking insects that infest your pets.Neem Protect Pet Shampoo, 8 fl. oz.
Ark Naturals Neem Protect Pet Shampoo provides a safe, effective natural alternatives to synthetic pesticides for controlling fleas and other blood sucking insects that infest your pets.Neem Protect Spray, 1/2 Gallon
Ark Naturals Neem Protect Spray provides a safe, effective natural alternatives to synthetic pesticides for controlling fleas and other blood sucking insects that infest your pets.Olbas Oil Blend, 100% Natural, Swiss Made, 25 cc
Olbas Oil Blend is a synergistic combination of six essential oils provides amazing relief on multiple levels.Organic Flax Protein / Fiber / Lignan Cold Milled Powder Plus Omega 3, Certified, Nature's Way, 16 oz.
Nature's Way EFAGold is the highest quality flax seed protein powder, and one of nature's richest sources of protein, fiber & essential fatty acids.Pascalite Bentonite Healing Powder, 16 oz.
Pascalite is used in soap and toothpaste, applied as a poultice to insect bites, sunburns, infections, cold sores, canker sores and acne, and as a suppository for hemorrhoids. Users found it a potent skin cleanser and conditioner, drank it for heartburn and ulcers.Patio Candle, 2.25 Inch Round in Travel Tin, All Natural, 100% Palm Wax
All natural palm wax candle in travel tin with herbal essential oils to repel bugs.Pennyroyal Essential Oil (Hedeoma Pulegiodes), NOW Foods, 100% Pure, 1 fl. oz.
Traditionally used as a natural insect repellent, Pennyroyal Oil is especially useful for flea control on dogs and cats.Quercetin With Bromelain, Hypoallergenic Bioflavonoid, NOW Foods, 800 mg, 120 VCaps
This non-citrus Quercetin is non-allergenic, with Bromelain to enhance the absorption of Quercetin.Sss Sting Stop Insect Gel, Homeopathic, Boericke & Tafel, 2.75 oz. Topical Gel
Temporary relief of itch, pain, and redness of non-poisonous insect bites and stings of mosquitos, bees, and wasps. Soothes fever blisters and cold sores. Directions: For Adults & Children 2 years and older: Apply to affected skin area. Repeat as needed. Children under 2: Consult your health care provider.Sting Homeopathic Gel, Organic, 1.06 oz.
Nelson's Sting Gel is a healing and soothing homeopathic remedy for the relief of insect bites and stings & reduces redness and swelling.Tea Tree Antiseptic Cream, 4 fl. oz.
This tea tree cream has a soothing and cooling effect on inflamed skin. It can be used as diaper change lotion.Tea Tree Antiseptic Cream, Bulk, 1 Gallon
This tea tree cream has a soothing and cooling effect on inflamed skin. It can be massaged into sore joints for relief from discomfort.Tea Tree Oil Antiseptic Ointment, 2 oz.
A 100% natural Tea Tree Oil antiseptic ointment that combines a therapeutic dose of pure tea tree oil with the absorption powers of Australian Eucalyptus australiana oil and lavender oil. This Tea Tree Oil antiseptic ointment is an ideal treatment to protect and treat cuts, abrasions, chafing rashes and other skin irritations. Directions: Apply 2-3 times daily to minor rashes, cuts, abrasions, sunburn and insect bites. Its natural base of oils and beeswax repels water to protect the area. Avoid contact with eyes. Discontinue use if irritation develops. Keep out of reach of children. For external use only.Tea Tree Oil Antiseptic Solution (15% Water Soluble), 2 fl. oz.
Tea Tree Oil Antiseptic Solution can be used for mixing with water for douching, athletes foot, facial problems, and bathing. Use Tea Tree Oil Antiseptic Solution when full strength tea tree oil is not necessary. Directions: For use a mild natural antiseptic. Apply full strength to cuts, abrasions, insect bites and stings. May be diluted with 1 to 10 parts water. This product is water soluble.Tea Tree Essential Oil, 100% Pure, NOW Foods, 1 fl. oz.
Tea Tree Essential Oil can be used externally as a completely natural germicide and fungicide. Our Tea Tree Essential Oil can be applied directly to the site of infection or irritation, such as pimples, boils, cuts, insect bites and minor burns.Tea Tree Oil Bulk (Malaleuca Alternifolia), 32 fl. oz.
Bulk Tea Tree Oil can be used for so many things including cuts, burns, abrasions, insect bites, bee stings, rashes, impetigo, boils, sinus problems, sore throat, thrush, fingernail and toenail infections.Tea Tree Oil (Malaleuca Alternifolia), 100% Pure Oil, NOW Foods, 2 fl. oz.
Tea Tree Oil can be used for general first aid uses such as cuts, burns, abrasions, insect bites, bee stings, rashes, impetigo, boils, sinus problems, sore throat, thrush, fingernail and toenail infections.Thayer's Astringent Medicated Superhazel Mentholated With Aloe Vera, 11.5 fl. oz.
Medicated Superhazel Thayer's Astringent with Aloe Vera is a mentholated witch hazel providing instant cooling and relief for minor cuts, itches, rashes and burns.Vitamin C 1000 With Bioflavonoids, Nature's Way, 100% Natural, 1000 mg, 250 VCaps
Nature's Way Vitamin C with Bioflavonoids provides antioxidant protection for many of the body's important enzyme systems.Yerba Santa Tincture, 100% Organic, 2 fl. oz.
Yerba Santa is one of the best decongestant herbs as it helps to decrease secretions as well as allay inflammation.
FOR A COMPLETE LIST OF INFLAMMATION SUPPLEMENTS & PRODUCTS:
Herbal Remedies: Insect Bite / Sting Information
Herbal Remedies: Insect Bite / Sting Supplements & Products
Herbal Remedies: Inflammation Information
Herbal Remedies: Inflammation Supplements & Products
Herbal Remedies: Insect Allergy Information
Herbal Remedies: Insect Allergy Supplements & Products
Herbal Remedies: Bee Sting Information
Herbal Remedies: Mosquito Bite Supplements, Information & Products
Herbal Remedies: Spider Bites Supplements, Information & Products
NOTIFY YOUR HEALTH CARE PROVIDER IF...
The only dangerous scorpion in North America - probably the most venomous of all North American bugs - is the bark scorpion (Centruroides exilicauda). Bark scorpions are found in all of Arizona, extending west across the Colorado River in to California and east in to New Mexico. These scorpions are about 3 inches long and have very skinny tails.
If you are not the victim, protect yourself from infectious diseases by practicing universal precautions and wearing personal protective equipment, if available. Do not touch the scorpion with your bare hands.
Determine how severe the sting is. Scorpion stings showing signs of anaphylactic shock, such as hives, wheezing, dizziness, chest pain or shortness of breath, will need emergency medical care.
Bark scorpion stings can cause muscle spasms, random movements and tremors of the neck or eyes, restlessness, anxiety, agitation and sweating, especially in children. There is often severe pain at the site of a bark scorpion sting but rarely swelling.
GET TO THE EMERGENCY ROOM
Call 9-1-1 for suspected bark scorpion stings or anaphylactic reactions. If 9-1-1 is not available, take the victim to the emergency department as quickly as possible. There has not been a death due to scorpion stings recorded in the United States in 40 years, but bark scorpions can be deadly. Do not wait, make your way safely to the ER as fast as possible.
Scorpions are arachnids, related to spiders, ticks and mites. They sting to hunt and for protection. They're not stupid - they do not attack humans on purpose. Scorpions can get caught up in bedding or crawl in to shoes, which leaves them no choice but to sting when a foot follows them in. Bark scorpion stings are truly dangerous, unlike most bug bites. It is important to treat bark scorpion stings quickly and with care.
If the scorpion is still at the scene of the crime, either trap it under an inverted jar (slide a piece of paper under the jar and flip the whole thing over to catch the scorpion) or pick it up using 8-inch or longer tongs.
Scorpion stings without a serious reaction can be treated with ice on the sting and over-the-counter pain medication.
Bark scorpion antivenom is available only in Arizona. Any sting that shows signs of a bark scorpion needs to be treated at a hospital. Antivenom has been shown to significantly reduce the effects of the sting.
IF YOU HAVE HAD AN ALLERGIC REACTION:
You have if you've had an allergic reaction, it is important to talk to an allergist, a health care provider who is a specialist in the diagnosis and treatment of allergic disease. Based on your past history and certain tests, the allergist will determine if you are a candidate for immunotherapy treatment. Although stinging insect allergy is a serious problem, much of the risk and fear of a reoccurrence can be virtually eliminated with immunotherapy.
In the event of a insect bite or sting with an allergic reaction, use your epinephrine treatment kit and contact emergency medical care immediately or as soon as possible for medical evaluation. A severe allergic reaction can be life threatening in a matter of minutes to hours.
You develop a secondary infection from an insect sting or insect bite or if you have other symptoms that may be associated with a disease that type of insect is known to carry (such as Lyme Disease, West Nile Virus, etc.).
You have any unexplained symptoms or unusual reactions after receiving an insect bite or sting. If you can, try to contain or otherwise save the insect that bit or stung you to make sure that treatment is appropriately given for that type of injury.
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HELPFUL PRODUCTS & FURTHER EDUCATION
Prescription for Nutritional Healing: The A-To-Z Guide To Supplements
-- by Phyllis A. Balch, James F. Balch - 2nd Edition
Prescription for Nutritional Healing: The A-To-Z Guide To Supplements
-- by Phyllis A. Balch, James F. Balch - 4th Edition
Prescription for Herbal Healing: The A-To-Z Reference To Common Disorders
-- by Phyllis A. Balch
The Complete Guide to Natural Healing
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