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DESCRIPTION
Mononucleosis is known as infectious mononucleosis, Pfeiffer's disease, "mono" in the United States and more commonly known as glandular fever in other English-speaking countries. Mononucleosis is an infectious viral disease that occurs most commonly in adolescents and young adults.
The vast majority of cases (85 percent) are caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). More rarely, it may be caused by the cytomegalovirus (CMV). Infectious mononucleosis is acute CMV infection. Both of these viruses are members of the herpes family. Once the virus enters the body, it multiplies in lymphocytes (white blood cells called the B-lymphocytes or B-cells) producing a reactive lymphocytosis predominantly consisting of atypical lymphocytes, a specific type of T-cell that gives the disease its name.
Mono effects the respiratory system, the lymphatic tissues, and glands in the neck, groin, armpits, bronchial tubes, spleen, and liver.
CAUSES
Mononucleosis is caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in 85 percent of patients with mono-like symptoms. Less often, the cytomegalovirus (CMV) causes some cases of mono-like illness. Much less commonly, a mono-like illness is caused by different viruses, such as hepatitis B, rubella, and HIV. Toxoplasma gondii, a single-celled parasite, can also cause a mono-like illness.
The viruses that cause mono or mono-like symptoms are contagious and can be transmitted from person to person by close contact such as kissing and is often transmitted by saliva, and mucus from the nose and throat (and sometimes tears). EBV is not spread by casual contact. You can live in the same house with a person who has mono and never become infected with the virus. But a person who has a weakened immune system may be at higher risk for infectious mono. It's possible that people who have had mono can spread the virus even though they no longer have symptoms.
Mono is often referred to as the "kissing disease" in casual conversation in developed countries, as it is most common at the same age when young people are initiating romantic behavior (most often in 15 to 17 year olds), but may occur at any age. This co-occurrence is not apparent in undeveloped countries, where poor sanitation and close living arrangements cause the causative virus to spread at a much earlier age, when the disease is mild and seldom diagnosed. Mono can also be transmitted by sharing food or utensils, glasses or toothbrushes. Mono can also spread during sexual contact or through respiratory droplets. Both males and females can get mononucleosis. Children can get the virus, but it often goes unnoticed because the symptoms are mild. Adults usually do not get mono because they have immunity to the virus.
EBV SPREAD INFORMATION
- EBV lives and grows in the nose and throat. Any fluid that comes from these parts of the body, including saliva, tears, or mucus, can be infected with the virus. The virus (EBV) is spread when people come in contact with infected fluids.
- EBV can be spread through intimate contact or sharing of saliva. (A brief kiss on the lips is not likely to spread EBV. It is spread when saliva from an infected person gets into another person's mouth.)
- You can get EBV if you share a drinking glass or eating utensils with an infected person (through sharing saliva).
- In rare cases, someone can get an infection after receiving blood from a person who is infected with EBV.
- Most people get infected with EBV at some point in their lives but never get mono symptoms. EBV "sleeps" (is dormant) in the body. It can become active from time to time and spread to others. When it reactivates, most people do not have symptoms. Many healthy people carry the virus and spread it every now and then throughout their lives. Lifetime carriers of EBV are the most common source of EBV infection.
CONTAGIOUS & INCUBATION
You can pass the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) to others for several weeks or months during and after the time you are first infected with EBV. The virus can also become active and spread to others from time to time throughout your life.
There is a small risk of spreading EBV through blood products. If you know you have mono, you should not donate blood.
The incubation period is about 10 days in children and 30 to 50 days (4 to 6 weeks) in adults after coming in contact with the virus.
Mono may begin slowly with fatigue, general ill feeling (malaise), headache and sore throat. The sore throat slowly gets worse, often with swollen tonsils covered with whitish-yellow covering. The lymph nodes in the neck are frequently swollen and painful. A pink, measles-like rash can occur and is more likely if the patient is given ampicillin or amoxicillin for a throat infection. Antibiotics should NOT be given without a positive strep test!. The symptoms of mono gradually go away on their own over a period of weeks to months.
Many of the cases occur in the military and in colleges, where living conditions are crowded and sleeping patterns are inadequate. High school students also have a high incidence of this disease.
Nearly 90 percent of people over age 35 have mono antibodies in their blood, indicating they had the disease at some point in their lives - although many do not even know they had it. As soon as a person gets mono, the symptoms will go away for good, but they will always carry the virus that caused it. The virus may become active from time to time without causing any symptoms. When the virus is active, it can be spread to others.
SYMPTOMS
Not everyone infected with the virus that causes mono (EBV) has symptoms. This is especially true in young children, who may have a fever but no other symptoms. People between the ages of 10 and 24 are most likely to have obvious symptoms.
The symptoms of mononucleosis are often so similar to influenza, mono is often mistaken for it. The symptoms usually start 4 to 6 weeks after exposure to the virus. The symptoms include:
- Generalized discomfort, uneasiness, or ill-feeling.
- Depression.
- Muscle weakness and mental fatigue. Extreme fatigue sometimes may be seen.
- Fever, which may range from 101°F to 104°F, and chills. This varies from mild to severe, but is seen in nearly all cases.
- Generalized aching in muscles or stiffness.
- Loss of appetite.
- Diarrhea.
- Dizziness or disorientation.
- Sore throat. White patches on the tonsils and back of the throat are often seen (which may look like strep throat).
- Inability to swallow, due to enlarged tonsils.
- Puffy eyelids. Supra-orbital edema (the eyes become puffy and swollen) may occur in the early stages of infection.
- Swollen glands. Enlarged and tender lymph nodes (anywhere on the body), particularly the posterior cervical lymph nodes found in the neck and armpits.
- The spleen may become enlarged (splenomegaly), which may lead to rupture and/or an enlarged liver (hepatomegaly), which may lead to liver function being affected.
- Abdominal pain on the upper left side of the abdomen. A possible symptom of a potentially fatal rupture of the spleen.
LESS FREQUENT SYMPTOMS
- Headache.
- Jaundice (yellow cast to the skin).
- Dry cough.
- Neck stiffness.
- Sensitivity to light.
- Shortness of breath.
- Chest pain.
- Rapid heart rate.
- Nosebleed.
- Sometimes a lumpy rash or hives.
- Meningitis, encephalitis (inflammation of the brain), or rupturing of the spleen are very rare complications that can develop from mono.
Mono, when compared to influenza symptoms, tends to be more persistent. The acute symptoms usually last from 2 to 4 weeks, and fatigue can persist for 3 to 8 weeks after the other symptoms disappear. The virus can remain dormant in the B-cells indefinitely after symptoms have disappeared, and resurface at a later date.
MONO SYMPTOMS COURSE
- A sore throat is worst during the first 3 to 5 days and gradually improves over the next 7 to 10 days.
- Fever may last 10 to 14 days. Usually it is mild during the last 5 to 7 days. If you have a fever, stay home and do not go to work or school until the fever goes away. You can then go back to normal activities if you feel up to it.
- Swollen glands may last up to 4 weeks.
- It may take several weeks or months for your energy level to return to normal. Do not push yourself or try to rush the process. Pushing too hard could make you feel worse. Give your body the rest it needs.
In some individuals, the disease lingers for a year or more, producing recurring but successively milder, attacks. If the immune system is weakened due to organ transplant, HIV/AIDS, or other viruses, the mononucleosis symptoms can be serious and chronic.
Symptoms of mono can be more severe and last longer in people who have an impaired immune system or a rare genetic condition called X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome.
Many people exposed to the Epstein-Barr virus do not show symptoms of the disease, but carry the virus. This is especially true in children, in whom infection seldom causes more than a very mild cold which often goes undiagnosed. Children are typically just carriers of the disease. This feature, along with mono's long (4 to 6 week) incubation period, makes epidemiological control of the disease impractical. About 6 percent of people who have had infectious mononucleosis will relapse.
Mononucleosis can cause the spleen to swell. Rupture may occur without trauma, but impact to the spleen is also a factor. Other complications include hepatitis (inflammation of the liver) causing elevation of serum bilirubin (in approximately 40 percent of patients), jaundice (approximately 5 percent of cases), and anemia (a deficiency of red blood cells). In rare cases, death may result from severe hepatitis or splenic rupture.
Although most cases of mononucleosis are caused by the E.B. virus, the condition is defined by the clinical presentation and laboratory findings. Cytomegalovirus can produce a similar illness, usually with less throat pain, and also generate atypical lymphocyte proliferation. In recent years, as precise virological and serological studies are more commonly done to identify the actual causative virus, some health care providers have taken to use "mononucleosis" to refer only to the E.B. virus cases.
Symptoms similar to those of mononucleosis can also be caused by adenovirus, acute HIV infection and the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii. In the past infectious mononucleosis and chronic fatigue syndrome were thought to be caused by the Epstein-Barr virus. But it is now believed that even though both conditions have some similar symptoms, they are different diseases and chronic fatigue syndrome is not caused by the Epstein-Barr virus.
RISK FACTORS
Mono is caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Anyone can get mononucleosis. Exposure to the viruses that cause mono is the major risk factor for getting the disease. The virus is contagious and spreads easily among people in groups, such as in nursing homes, hospitals, shelters, schools, and day care. Working, visiting, or living in any of these areas increases your risk of getting mononucleosis.
Mononucleosis is typically transmitted from asymptomatic individuals through saliva, earning it the name "the kissing disease", or by sharing a drink, or sharing eating utensils. As with many viral infections, such as chickenpox, antibodies are developed by individuals who become infected with the disease and recover. In most individuals, these antibodies remain in their system, creating lifelong immunity to further infections.
You are at increased risk of getting mono if you:
- Are between the ages of 10 and 24, especially if you are in close contact with many people. In the United States, college students, nurses, and people in the military are most likely to get mono.
- Have intimate contact with a person who has mono or an active EBV infection. (A brief kiss on the lips is not likely to spread EBV. It is spread when saliva from an infected person gets into another person's mouth.)
- Share drinking glasses, eating utensils, dishes, or a toothbrush with an infected person. A person does not have to have symptoms of mono to spread EBV.
After you have been infected with EBV, the virus may stay in your body for the rest of your life, but you will not get mono again. EBV is not spread through the air. You can live with a person who has mono and never become infected with the virus. Most people have been infected with EBV before, so they usually don't get mono when exposed to a person who has it.
PREVENTION
The viral infection that causes mono (EPV) is not spread as easily as most people think. It is commonly spread by saliva and close contact. People may be contagious while they have symptoms and for up to a few months afterwards. The virus can live for several hours outside the body. Avoid kissing or sharing utensils if you or someone close to you has mono. The exact period that people are contagious varies.
Do not donate blood if you have mono. Although it is unusual for EPV to be spread through blood, it is possible.
TREATMENT
DIAGNOSIS & HEALTH EXAM
Health professionals will give a patient a thorough exam and take a medical history. During the exam, the health care provider may find swollen lymph nodes in the front and back of the neck, as well as swollen tonsils with the whitish covering. A swollen liver or swollen spleen may be found when the abdomen (belly) is palpated (pushed on during exam). There may be a skin rash present.
Laboratory findings usually include an elevated white blood cell count and abnormal liver function tests (to see if the virus has affected your liver). The white cell count elevation is predominantly in the lymphocyte portion, and of those the majority is often of the atypical form (atypical lymphocytes are unusual appearing white blood cells seen under microscopic examination) characteristic of the disease.
Specific tests for EBV include:
- A Monospot Test (positive for infectious mononucleosis). Monospot test is also called Heterophile antibody test; Heterophile agglutination test; Paul-Bunnell test; Forssman antibody test. The mononucleosis spot test looks for two antibodies in the blood that indicate infection with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV).
Blood is drawn from a vein, usually from the inside of the elbow or the back of the hand. The site is cleaned with germ-killing medicine (antiseptic). The health care provider wraps an elastic band around the upper arm to apply pressure to the area and make the vein swell with blood. Next, the health care provider gently inserts a needle into the vein. The blood collects into an airtight vial or tube attached to the needle. The elastic band is removed from your arm. Once the blood has been collected, the needle is removed, and the puncture site is covered to stop any bleeding. In infants or young children, a sharp tool called a lancet may be used to puncture the skin and make it bleed. The blood collects into a small glass tube called a pipette, or onto a slide or test strip. A bandage may be placed over the area if there is any bleeding. No special preparation is necessary.
When the needle is inserted to draw blood, you may feel moderate pain, or only a prick or stinging sensation. You may feel throbbing at the venipuncture site for a few minutes after the blood draw.
Sometimes, when the body reacts to an infection, antibodies are made that have nothing to do with the germ. These are called heterophil antibodies. This test looks for such antibodies. It is used to diagnosis infectious mononucleosis, a disease caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). About 1 week after the onset of the disease, many patients develop heterophil antibodies. The antibodies peak at weeks 2 to 5 and may persist for several months to 1 year. However, a small number of persons with mononucleosis may never develop such antibodies.
Normal Results: No heterophil antibodies are detected. A false-negative test result may occur if it is taken early in the course of the infection. If the mononucleosis test is negative, your health care provider may test you for infection with the CMV or other organisms. CMV can cause mono-like illness.
Abnormal Results: A positive test means heterophil antibodies are present. These are usually a sign of infectious mononucleosis. On rare occasions, false-positive results may be occur in persons with Leukemia or lymphoma, Rubella, Hepatitis or Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
Veins and arteries vary in size from one patient to another and from one side of the body to the other. Obtaining a blood sample from some people may be more difficult than from others. Other risks associated with having blood drawn are slight but may include excessive bleeding, fainting or feeling light-headed, hematoma (blood accumulating under the skin), infection (a slight risk any time the skin is broken).
Monospot tests are usually positive in approximately 85 percent of patients with infectious mononucleosis. Positive test results will not occur until 1 to 2 weeks into the illness.
- Epstein-Barr Virus Antigen by Immunofluorescence (positive for EBV).
- Epstein-Barr Virus Antibody Titers to help distinguish acute infection from past infection with EBV.
- Complete Blood Count (CBC). A CBC may be done to rule out other infections or complications of mono.
In small children, the course of the disease is frequently asymptomatic. Some adult patients suffer fever, tiredness, lassitude (abnormal fatigue), depression, lethargy, and chronic lymph node swelling, for months or years. This variant of mononucleosis has been referred to as chronic EBV syndrome or chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), although CFS is a distinct condition from IM. Still, current studies suggest there is an association between infectious mononucleosis and CFS. In case of a weakening of the immune system, a reactivation of the Epstein-Barr virus is possible; in CFS there is evidence of immune activation also. "Chronic fatigue states" as defined by the CDC criteria for CFS, appear to occur in 10 percent of those who contract mononucleosis. Chronic fatigue may then be a rather common side effect of infectious mononucleosis. On the other hand, studies conducted by the CDC and others have discounted a link between EBV and CFS.
Perhaps a majority of chronic post infectious "fatigue states" appear not to be caused by a chronic viral infection, but are triggered by the acute infection. Direct and indirect evidence of persistent viral infection has been found in CFS, for example in muscle and via detection of an unusually low molecular weight RNase L enzyme, although the commonality and significance of such findings is disputed. Research contends that mononucleosis appears to cause a hit and run injury to the brain in the early stages of the acute phase, thereby causing the chronic fatigue state. This would explain why in mononucleosis, fatigue very often lingers for months after the Epstein Barr virus has been controlled by the immune system. Just how infectious mononucleosis changes the brain and causes fatigue (or lack thereof) in certain individuals remains to be seen. Such a mechanism may include activation of microglia in the brain of some individuals during the acute infection. Microglia may remain activated or "damaged" for months following infection, thereby causing a slowly dissipating fatigue. Secondary infections can occur. Such infections include mild swelling of the cartilage between the sternum and ribs occurring approximately one month after initial diagnosis.
MoonDragon's ObGyn Information: Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
CONVENTIONAL MEDICAL TREATMENT
Infectious mononucleosis is generally self-limiting and only symptomatic and/or supportive treatments are used. Most patients recover within 2-4 weeks without medication. Younger children often do not have symptoms, while some older patients may have fatigue for up to 6 weeks. There is no specific treatment available. Antiviral medications do not help.
To relieve typical symptoms:
Get plenty of rest. Rest is recommended during the acute phase of the infection and bed rest may be needed, and an infected person should avoid school or work for a while. Listen to you body. However, activity should be resumed once acute symptoms have resolved and you feel up to it. Nevertheless heavy physical activity, physical lifting, and contact sports should be avoided to reduce the risk of splenic rupture, for at least one month following initial infection and until splenomegaly has resolved, as determined by ultrasound scan. Impact or straining could cause the spleen to burst, which is life threatening.
Gargle with warm salt water for sore throat and you can use hard candies or throat lozenges to soothe a sore throat. A salt water gargle made from 1 teaspoon of salt in 8 fluid ounces of water can be used.
Drink plenty of fluids, especially if you have a fever. This will help prevent dehydration.
In terms of drug therapy, acetaminophen (such as Tylenol) or ibuprofen (such as Advil) or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may be used to reduce fever, relieve a sore throat, headache and pain. Do NOT give aspirin to anyone under the age of 20, because its use has been linked with Reye's Syndrome
MEDICATIONS
Steroid medication may be considered for patients with severe symptoms. Intravenous corticosteroids, usually hydrocortisone or dexamethasone, are not recommended for routine use but may be useful if there is a risk of airway obstruction, severe thrombocytopenia, or hemolytic anemia.
There is little evidence to support the use of aciclovir, although it may reduce initial viral shedding. However, the antiviral drug valacyclovir has recently been shown to lower or eliminate the presence of the Epstein-Barr virus in subjects afflicted with acute mononucleosis, leading to a significant decrease in the severity of symptoms.
Antibiotics are not used as they are ineffective against viral infections unless there is a secondary infection such as ear infection or strep throat. However, in approximately 20 percent of cases, strep throat is also present, and antibiotic therapy may be prescribed. The antibiotics amoxicillin and ampicillin (Omnipen, Polycillin) are contraindicated and should be avoided in the case of any coinciding bacterial infections during mononucleosis because their use can frequently precipitate a non-allergic rash. In the small percentage of cases whereas mononucleosis infection is complicated by co-infection with streptococcal infection in the throat and tonsils (strep throat), Penicillin or other antibiotics (with the exception of the two mentioned above) should be administered to treat the strep throat.
Opioid analgesics are also contraindicated due to risk of respiratory depression.
ACTIVITY
Avoid heavy lifting and contact sports while the spleen is swollen (to prevent it from rupturing) for at least 4 weeks or until your health care provider gives you the go-ahead.
PROGNOSIS (OUTLOOK)
The fever usually drops in 10 days, and swollen lymph glands and spleen heal in 4 weeks. Fatigue usually goes away within a few weeks, but may linger for 2 to 3 months.
POSSIBLE COMPLICATIONS
Secondary bacterial throat infection.
Rupture of spleen (this is rare; avoid pressure on the spleen).
Neurological complications (these are rare, but include meningitis, seizures, ataxia, Guillain-Barre syndrome, and Bell's palsy).
Hepatitis (inflammation of the liver) with jaundice (yellow color in the skin and eyes [icterus] from the build up of bilirubin, which occurs with red blood cell destruction). This is more common in patients older than 35.
Hemolytic anemia. (Hemolytic anemia is a condition where there are not enough red blood cells in the blood. It is caused by premature destruction of red blood cells.)
Orchitis. (Orchitis may be caused by number of different types of bacteria and viruses. It is usually a result of epididymitis, inflammation of the tube that connects the vas deferens and the testicle.)
Death in immunocompromised individuals.
MORBIDITY & MORTALITY
Fatalities from mononucleosis are nearly impossible in developed nations. Uncommon, non-fatal complications exist, including various forms of CNS and hematological affection:
- CNS: Meningitis, encephalitis, hemiplegia and transverse myelitis. EBV infection has also been proposed as a risk factor for the development of multiple sclerosis (MS), but this has not been affirmed.
- Hematologic: EBV can cause autoimmune hemolytic anemia (direct Coombs test is positive) and various cytopenias (Cytopenia is a reduction in the number of blood cells which can include red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and granulocytes).
SURGERY
There is no surgical treatment for mononucleosis. Emergency surgery may be needed to remove a ruptured spleen if this complication occurs.
HOLISTIC & NUTRITIONAL RECOMMENDATIONS
CONSIDERATIONS
Antibiotics are useless against viral infections like Epstein-Barr (EBV). The best way to protect yourself and get rid of the infectious illness is to attack it head-on by strengthening the immune system. The thymus and the adrenal glands are the power seat of the immune system. When the body is getting sick, or already is sick, it is under stress, and stress taxes the immune system. Researchers have linked vulnerability to colds and flu to psychological stress. See Stress for more information.
Once contracted, both EBV and CMV remain in the body for life, but the acute illness eventually runs its course in nearly all cases. Because there is no cure for mononucleosis, a proper diet and supplements, plus adequate rest, are especially important for this disorder.
Adequate rest, exercise, and nutrition are essential for the maintenance of general health and the prevention of mononucleosis.
Protein is needed to stimulate the formation of antibodies that protect against complications such as hepatitis and jaundice.
RECOMMENDATIONS
NUTRITION
Eat a diet composed of at least 50 percent raw foods. Consume as much of your food raw as possible. Also emphasize wholesome soups, root vegetables, and whole grains including brown rice.
Consume plenty of fluids (at least 10 8-ounce glasses of water or other fluids), especially fresh juices, herbal teas, soups, and quality water, to prevent dehydration and help flush out the body. Drink several cups of echinacea tea daily. This helps to build up your immune system. To shorten the length of the infection, go on a liquid diet emphasizing hot herbal teas and hot broth for one or two days.
Take hot chicken or turkey soup. This is grandmother's old remedy for viral illnesses and it is still good today. Add some cayenne pepper and fresh crushed or sliced garlic to your soup (the more the better). Cayenne pepper helps to prevent and break up congestion and the fresh garlic helps to fight viral infections. Sometimes I make a fresh onion, fresh garlic, and cayenne soup in a chicken or turkey broth. I use lots of onion and several cloves of fresh garlic in my soup. Be sure to consume the onions and garlic while drinking the broth to help fight a viral infection.
Do not consume any coffee, fried foods, processed foods, soft drinks, stimulants, sugar, non-herbal teas, or white flour products. These depress immune function.
Eat 4 to 6 small meals daily. Avoid overeating at any one meal.
Use a protein supplement from a vegetable source. Spirutein is a good protein drink for between meals.
Use chlorophyll in tablet or liquid form such as in "green drinks" made from leafy green vegetables or wheatgrass. Kyo-Green from Wakunaga is a highly concentrated natural barley and wheatgrass source of amino acids, vitamins, minerals, carotene, chlorophyll, and enzymes. It is also available in powder form containing chorella, kelp and brown rice.
Drink kombucha tea. This beverage has antiviral and immune-boosting properties. See Making Kombucha Tea for more information.
Do not take zinc at the same time you eat or drink citrus fruits or juices. It will diminish the effectiveness of the zinc. Do consume a lot of other types of fruit.
Do not take iron supplements while a fever exists.
Do not strain when having a bowel movement, as this may injure an enlarged spleen.
INFECTION CONTROL
Do not share glasses, toothbrushes, cups or utensils or towels.
Wash your hands often. Good hand washing techniques and hygiene is one of the best things you can do for yourself to minimize threat of being infected or spreading the infection to others. If you are unable to wash hands, carry disposable hand wipes to clean hands that have been specially treated to be anti-viral and anti-bacterial.
Avoid close contact with others as much as possible.
Keep your hands away from your nose, eyes, and mouth. Viruses are most likely to enter your body through these areas. If you are infected, cover your mouth and nose with a tissue when you sneeze or cough. Flush all tissues after use.
In treating a sore throat, avoid using aspirin chewing gum and aspirin gargles. Aspirin applied directly to mucous membranes does not reduce pain and can act as an irritant.
Do not give aspirin to a child who has the flu. The combination of aspirin and a viral illness has been linked to the development of Reye's Syndrome, a potentially dangerous complication.
If you consume alcoholic beverages even occasionally, or if you have liver or kidney disease, be cautious about using the pain killer acetaminophen (Tylenol, Datril, and others). The combination of alcohol and acetaminophen has been associated with serious liver problems.
Buy a new toothbrush. Toothbrushes can harbor viruses and prolong the illness.
HERBS
If it is necessary to lower fever, take Catnip tea enemas and 1/4-1/2 teaspoon Lobelia Tincture every 3 to 4 hours until fever drops. This is good for children also. Caution: Do not use this mixture if you are pregnant or breastfeeding, and do not give it to a child under one year old. Do not take Lobelia internally on an ongoing basis. See Enemas for more information.
Astragalus and Echinacea boost the immune system.
Herbal Remedies: Astragalus Root Supplements & Products
Herbal Remedies: Echinacea Supplements & Products
Cat's Claw has immune-enhancing properties and acts against viral infections.
Herbal Remedies: Cat's Claw Supplements & Products
Dandelion and Milk Thistle protect the liver.
Herbal Remedies: Dandelion Supplements & Products
Herbal Remedies: Milk Thistle Supplements & Products
Goldenseal fights infection. If a sore throat is present, place a dropperful of alcohol-free Goldenseal extract in the mouth and hold it there for a few seconds, then swallow. Do this every 4 hours for 3 to 5 days. Caution: Do not take Goldenseal internally on a daily basis for more than one week at a time, do not use it during pregnancy, and use it with caution if you are allergic to ragweed.
At the first sign of a cough, place one dropperful of Alcohol-Free Echinacea & Goldenseal extract in your mouth and hold it there for five to ten minutes. Repeat this every hour for three to four hours. This stops a virus from multiplying.
Alcohol-free Echinacea and Goldenseal combination extract is recommended for children. Give a child 4 to 6 drops of combination extract in water or juice every 4 hours for 3 days. Echinacea is very effective at enhancing the body's own natural defenses. Goldenseal is a natural antibiotic and helps to relieve congestion.
Pau D'Arco balances the bacteria in the colon.
Herbal Remedies: Pau D'Arco Extract, Incan LaPacho, 100% Natural Herbal, 4 fl. oz.
Herbal Remedies: Pau D'Arco Tea, Incan LaPacho, 48 Tea Bags
Maitake, Shiitake, and Reishi mushrooms possess Beta-1,3-D-Glucan, a type of polysaccharide that stimulates the immune cells. Their immune-boosting power makes them essential for fighting the virus infections.
Herbal Remedies: 5 Mushroom Formula, 100% Natural Immune System Supplement, 475 mg, 90 VCaps
Herbal Remedies: Mushroom Master 3 Mushroom Tincture, Red Reishi, Shiitake & Maitake Mushroom Extracts, Herbal Remedies USA, 2 fl. oz.
Herbal Remedies: Immune-RX, Immune System Supplement, Hi-Tech Pharmaceuticals, 60 Tabs
Olive Leaf extract enhances immune function and fights all types of infection. Olive leaf extract appears to help inhibit the growth of viruses that cause disease such as mononucleosis
Herbal Remedies: Olive Leaf Herb, Nature's Way, 470 mg, 100 Caps
For cough and sore throat, mix 1 tablespoon of Slippery Elm Bark Powder with 1 cup of boiling water and 1/2 cup honey. Take 1 teaspoon of this mixture every three to four hours. It can be taken either hot or cold, as you prefer.
Herbal Remedies: Manuka Honey, Bio Active 10+, 500 g
Herbal Remedies: Multiflora Honey, 100% Pure New Zealand Honey, 1.1 lb.
Herbal Remedies: Slippery Elm Bark Powder (Ulmus Rubra), 4 oz. Bulk
Herbal Remedies: Slippery Elm Lozenges, Thayers, Tangerine Flavor, 24 Lozenges
Spirulina contains phytonutrients that appear to boost the immune system.
Herbal Remedies: Spirulina Powder, 100% Natural, Vegetarian, NOW Foods, 1 lb.
Herbal Remedies: Spirulina Green Blends Cleansing Formula Powder, 7.4 oz.
NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENTS
Unless otherwise specified, the following recommended doses are for adults over the age of 18. For a child between 12 and 17 years, reduce the dose to 3/4 the recommended dose. For a child between 6 and 12 years old, use 1/2 the recommended dose, and for a child under 6, use 1/4 the recommended dose. See Cold Supplements & Products for more helpful recommendations.
MONONUCLEOSIS SUPPLEMENTS & PRODUCTS
Information, products and supplements for infectious Mononucleosis and mono, an infectious viral disease that most commonly affects young adults. virus
AHCC (Active Hexose Correlated Compound), NOW Foods, Vegetarian, 500 mg, 60 VCaps
NOW Foods AHCC is a rich source of polysaccharides such as beta glucan 1,3 and activated hemicellulose produced by enzymatic modification of organic medicinal mushrooms, including shiitake.Antibiotic (Without) Poke Root Tincture, 2 fl. oz.
Herbal Antibiotic (Without) Poke Root tincture contains three well known herbs: Echinacea Root, Goldenseal Root and Cayenne Pepper.Astragalus Extract, Standardized 0.5% Astragalosides, Nature's Way, 60 VCaps
Astragalus Extract is standardized to 0.5% astragalosides, one of the most studied components.Bio Defender, Antibacterial, Antiviral & Antifungal Formula, Balanceuticals, 56 Caps
This unique antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal formula is a clinical nutritionist response to bio terrorism such as anthrax.Black Seed & Honey Herbal Lozenges, Echinacea Berry, 28 Pieces, 4 oz.
Enjoy the nutritional benefits of pure Black Seed Oil, Echinacea Berry, Zinc & Honey, these lozenges are sure to please the taste buds of kids & adults alike. Select from Honey-Lemon Ginger or Echinacea-Berry flavors.Black Seed Herbal Honey, Energizing, 16 fl. oz.
A sensational blend of honey and herbs in three different formulations that offer a natural boost of energy, immune support, or relaxation that's great for anyone who wants to enjoy the benefits of Black Seed without taking capsules or oil.Black Seed Theramune Ultimate With Garlic, 100 Caps
Promotes healthy circulation, useful for arthritis and cardiovascular & respiratory support. It also supports digestion and is a natural remedy for ulcers. Garlic is known to lower cholesterol naturally.Calcium Ionic Mineral Supplement, Fully Absorbable, 700 +/- ppm, 16 fl. oz.
WaterOz Ionic Calcium is a pure liquid Calcium supplement. Calcium is one of the most essential of the major biochemical elements needed in human nutrition. It is needed in every organ of the body, including the brain. Calcium is called the "knitter" because it promotes healing or knitting everywhere in the body. It is valuable for tone, power, strength, longevity, vitality, and endurance, healing of wounds, counter-acting acids, and helping regulate metabolism.Colloidal Silver & Zinc Lozenges, SilvaSolution, 90 Lozenges
Now you can get powerful liquid silver in the most convenient form ever with new SilvaSolution Silver & Zinc Lozenges.Colostrum Chewables, Natural Vanilla Flavor, 480 mg, 90 Chewables
Colostrum known for its powerful healing factors offers optimal health. Colostrum research proves a wide spectrum of immunoglobulins, antibodies, and accessory immune factors.Dandelion Root (Taraxacum Officinale) Powder, 4 oz.
Dandelion root is known as a Blood purifier used for liver and kidney disorders. Dandelion root also contains nutritive salts to build up the blood.DefendAir Immune System Supplement, Trace Minerals, 15 Packets
DefendAir Immune System Supplement helps optimize your body's natural defenses by boosting your immune system with a special formula of Vitamins, Minerals, Herbs, and Amino Acids.Defend RX, Immune System Supplement, Hi-Tech, 45 Tabs
Defend-RX is a revolutionary immune system supplement that was designed to support and boost immune response.DMG Supplement N,N Dimethyl Glycine, NOW Foods, 125 mg, 100 Caps
NOW Foods' DMG Supplement is a methylated amino acid found in all cells. DMG is an antioxidant and methyl donor that has a number of beneficial effects. It has shown to have potential in increasing immune response to the flu and salmonella.Echinacea Astragalus & Reishi, Nature's Way, 400 mg, 100 Caps
Echinacea purpurea supports the immune system, while Astragalus and Reishi are two of the most important traditional Chinese medicinal herb tonics.Echinacea Immune Support Tea, Yogi Tea, Certified Organic, 16 Tea Bags
Echinacea Immune Support tea is a superior blend of several species of Organic Echinacea Root (Echinacea angustifolia, purpurea, pallida) designed to boost your immune system.Echinacea Root Complex, Nature's Way, 180 Caps
Echinacea Root Complex helps promote general well-being during the cold and flu season and support the immune system.Echinacea Root Tincture, 100% Organic, 2 fl. oz.
Echinacea Root is also known as Purple Coneflower and considered very valuable by the North American Indians.Echinacea With Elderberry & Zinc, Nature's Way, 100 Caps
Nature's Way Echinacea with Elderberry and Zinc is a synergistic combination of the latest scientific research and traditional herbal medicine to support the immune system.Effer-C Instant Fizzy Vitamin C Drink Mix Powder, Punch Flavor, 1000 mg, 0.3 oz, 36 Packets
This excellent tasting fizzy Vitamin C drink mix is for energy & immune support. Select orange, raspberry or cranberry flavor.Enzymes, All Complete, 250 mg, 90 Caps
All Complete Enzymes, dietary supplement, is an important combination of critical enzymes that help support normal digestive function, cholesterol levels, fat metabolism and more, all in one convenient tablet.Garlicin CF, Cold & Flu Formula, Odor Free Garlic, Nature's Way, 404 mg, 90 Enteric Coated Tabs
Garlicin CF Odor Free Garlic Immune Support Formula combines all the healthy benefits of high allicin release Garlicin with the added benefits of Echinacea, Ester-C, and OptiZinc.Garlic Oil Tincture, Alcohol Free, Nature's Way, 1 fl. oz.
Garlic oil is often used to soothe the ear and as an antibiotic but most often used as a food and herb and also to lower serum cholesterol and blood pressure and to improve circulation as well as possibly inhibiting the growth of ulcer causing bacteria.Immune-RX, Immune System Supplement, Hi-Tech Pharmaceuticals, 60 Tabs
Immune-RX, Immune System Supplement, was formulated to strengthen your immune system because Immune-Rx offers the most powerful protection against the elements.Immune Support Group For Infants & Children (Vitamin C, Echinacea, First Defense)
The Immune Support Group stimulates natural immune responses and defends the body.Immune Support Wellness Oil, 2 fl. oz.
Keep the flu away, fight infection and disease naturally. This oil works by stimulating the production of white blood cells.Instant Energy B-12, NOW Foods, 2000 mcg, 75 Packets
NOW® Vitamin B-12 Instant Energy is the perfect way to keep alert and energized, regardless of the situation. These convenient, fast-acting packets are perfect when traveling or for convenience.Irwin Naturals Immune Shield, Immune System Support, 100 Gelcaps
Irwin Naturals multi-herb complex addresses two key areas, immune support and bacterial/viral control.Meta C Vitamin C Supplement, 1000 mg, 100 Tabs
Meta C Vitamin C Supplement is a unique form of vitamin C that is absorbed faster than regular vitamin C and maintains higher serum levels for longer period of time with no intestinal discomfort.Multi-Vitamin Without Iron, Nature's Way, 100 Caps
The vitamins and minerals in this Multi Vitamin without Iron play many important roles in the body: antioxidants to protect fats, cells and DNA, coenzyme precursors for energy production and metabolism, and cofactors for hormones and enzymes which regulate body processes.Odorless Garlic Supplement, NOW Foods, 50 mg, 250 SoftGels
Odorless Garlic supplement is extracted from Allum sativum and is a specially made Japanese product. Our Odorless Garlic yields high amounts of Scordiin, a unique sulfur compound which may be responsible for many of garlic's renowned benefits.Pau D'Arco Bark (Tabebuia Impetiginosa) Powder, 4 oz. Bulk
Pau D'Arco bark is a rich source of iron, which contributes to the elimination of wastes from the body and the assimilation of nutrients.Protein From Rice Powder, Dairy Free, Vegetarian / Vegan, Hypoallergenic, Chocolate, 1 lb 6.9 oz.
A great tasting vegetable protein made from non-genetically modified California grown brown rice. Free of the common food allergens from soy, milk, egg, wheat and yeast.Protein From Rice Powder, Dairy Free, Vegetarian / Vegan, Hypoallergenic, Mixed Berry, 1 lb 5 oz.
A great tasting vegetable protein made from non-genetically modified California grown brown rice. Free of the common food allergens from soy, milk, egg, wheat and yeast.Protein From Rice, Powder, Dairy Free, Vegetarian / Vegan, Hypoallergenic, Plain, 1 lb 5 oz.
A great tasting vegetable protein made from non-genetically modified California grown brown rice. Free of the common food allergens from soy, milk, egg, wheat and yeast.Protein From Rice, Powder, Dairy Free, Vegetarian / Vegan, Hypoallergenic, Vanilla, 1 lb 5 oz.
A great tasting vegetable protein made from non-genetically modified California grown brown rice. Free of the common food allergens from soy, milk, egg, wheat and yeast.Respiratory Support Supplement, TheraVeda Pavan, 60 VCaps
TheraVeda's Respiratory supplement provides the benefits of both supercritical extracts and whole herbs in an innovative, paten-pending technology that uses no harmful chemical solvents.Vitamin A, 10,000 IU, 100% Natural, Nature's Way, 100 SoftGels
Nature's Way vitamin A is 100% natural from fish liver oil. It contains no artificial ingredients or preservatives.Vitamin B-100 Complex With Coenzyme B-2, Nature's Way, 631 mg, 100 Caps
A complete Vitamin B complex of 8 essential vitamins. B Vitamins are precursors of coenzymes involved in the conversion of cellular energy, manufacture of hormones and proteins, and repair and maintenance of nerve structures.Vitamin B-12 Liquid Supplement, 50 mcg, & vitamin B-9 (Folic Acid), 400 mcg, 1 fl. oz.
This liquid B-12 supplement with its combination of B vitamins can be a very effective revitalizer in supporting the nervous system, prenatal child health, vegetarians, and heart health.Vitamin B-12 Complex Liquid, NOW Foods, 2 fl. oz.
Vitamin B-12 Helps to maintain a healthy nervous system, and helps in the prevention of pernicious anemia. Folic Acid should be taken by all females of child bearing age to help prevent neuro-tube birth defects. Folic acid is also linked to heart health.Vitamin C 1000 With Bioflavonoids, Nature's Way, 100% Natural, 1000 mg, 250 VCaps
Nature's Way Vitamin C with Bioflavonoids provides antioxidant protection for many of the body's important enzyme systems.Vitamin C Liquid With Rose Hips & Bioflavonoids, Kosher, Natural Citrus Flavor, Dynamic Health, 1000 mg, 16 fl. oz.
Liquid Vitamin C with Natural Rose Hips & Bioflavonoids is an easy to swallow dietary supplement that exceeds the recommended daily intake of vitamin C.Vitamin E, Natural D-Alpha-Tocopherol, 400 IU, 100 SoftGels
Vitamin E has potent antioxidant activity, supplies oxygen to the blood, aids in strengthening capillary walls, and plays a beneficial role in cancer and cardiovascular disease prevention, anti-aging benefits, circulation, wound-healing, immune function, nervous system function, PMS, hot flushes, diabetes, vascular disease, eye health, tissue repair, athletic performance, leg cramps, skin and hair health, and alleviating fatigue.Zinc Lozenges With Echinacea & Vitamin C, Nature's Way, 23 mg, 60 Lozenges
Nature's Way Zinc lozenge boosts cold season defense with zinc, widely recognized as an important nutritional support during the cold season, and echinacea pupurea, clinically shown to support the immune system, and Vitamin C, a vitally important vitamin for general health maintenance.
HerbalRemedies: Mononucleosis Information
HerbalRemedies: Mononucleosis Supplements & Products
NOTIFY YOUR MIDWIFE OR HEALTH CARE PROVIDER IF...
The initial symptoms of mono feel very much like a typical viral illness. It is not necessary to contact a health care provider unless symptoms last longer than 10 days or you develop the following:
- Severe sore throat or swollen tonsils.
- Difficulty breathing.
- Abdominal pain.
- Severe headache.
- Persistent high fevers (more than 101.5°F).
- Yellow discoloration of your eyes or skin.
- Weakness in the arm or legs.
Call 9-1-1 or go to an emergency room if you develop:
- Sharp, sudden, severe abdominal pain.
- Significant difficulty swallowing or breathing.
- A stiff neck or severe weakness.
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HELPFUL PRODUCTS & FURTHER EDUCATION
Prescription for Nutritional Healing: The A-To-Z Guide To Supplements
-- by Phyllis A. Balch, James F. Balch - 2nd Edition
Prescription for Nutritional Healing: The A-To-Z Guide To Supplements
-- by Phyllis A. Balch, James F. Balch - 4th Edition
Prescription for Herbal Healing: The A-To-Z Reference To Common Disorders
-- by Phyllis A. Balch
The Complete Guide to Natural Healing
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