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Homeopathy uses over 2,000 different remedies which are chosen to suit a patient's characteristics, as well as to treat her symptoms.
DESCRIPTION
Homeopathy is a non-toxic system of medicine used to treat illness and relieve discomfort of a wide variety of health conditions. It is practiced by health care providers including medical physicians, chiropractors, homeopathic physicians, midwives and many others throughout the world. Information on the use of several hundred remedies has been collected for nearly two hundred years by homeopathic practitioners. Research studies known as "provings" have documented clinical cases and recent scientific trials using these remedies.
Samuel Hahnemann, a German doctor became disenchanted with the draconian methods of his peers, set out his theory of homeopathy in Organon of Rational Medicine, a book published in 1810.
HOMEOPATHIC HISTORY
The principle of "like cures like" can be found in the writings of the "father of medicine," Hippocrates, which date from the 5th century B.C. and has been echoed through the ages in folk cures, such as rubbing frostbite with snow (which of course, you should not do, by the way).
A German doctor, Samuel Hahnemann, rediscovered this principle in the late 18th century. Rejecting leeches, violent purges, and other severe medical practices of the day, he developed homeopathy, taking the name from the Greek homoios (same) and pathos (suffering). His starting point was the contemporary use of quinine to treat malaria, allegedly due to its bitter qualities. Using himself as a guinea pig, he took regular doses of quinine and developed malaria-like symptoms. He concluded that it was actually quinine's ability to cause a malaria-like reaction that made it effective against the disease. He then persuaded healthy people to test, or "prove", other substances, such as arsenic and belladonna, and began to use these "remedies" to treat illnesses whose symptoms resembled the effects the substance has produced.
A case containing the most important remedies would have been carried by 19th century practitioners at all times.
Hahnemann's ideas quickly spread across Europe to Asia and the Americas. In the 1820s two American doctors expanded his theories: Dr. Constantine Hering developed the "laws of cure", which explain how disease is cured in homeopathy; Dr. James Tyler Kent introduced the concept of "constitutional types". The American Institute of Homeopathy was founded in 1844, but faced with the demand for "rational" modern medicine, homeopathy had almost disappeared in the U.S. by the 1930s, re-emerging only in the 1970s. Opposition persists in different states. In the U.K., however, its popularity perhaps boosted by royal patronage, the practice was included as part of the National Health Service when this was founded in 1948.
KEY PRINCIPLES
"Vitalism" - the idea that a "vital force" regulates the body - was an important theory in 17th century medicine. Symptoms of disease, such as fever or inflammation, were seen as signs that the vital force was fighting infection. Modern homeopaths still choose remedies according to the "law of similars" to stimulate the vital force.
Patients are classified according to their particular constitutional type, and symptoms are grouped, with unusual ones considered more significant than common ones. Treatment is said to work according to the 3 basic laws of cure: that the symptoms move down from the top of the body, outward from the inside of the body, and from the most important organs to the least important, with long-standing complaints taking longer to disappear than those that developed more recently.
Hahnemann observed that the more a remedy was diluted, the more specific the effect seemed to be. From this he derived the law of potentization.
"Nosodes" were homeopathic remedies devised by Hahnemann to counteract "miasms", which he alleged were inherited weaknesses that blocked a patient's response to treatment. He made them from body secretions linked with what he saw as the fundamental illness (scabies, for example, was treated with nosodes made from the scabies sores). In modern practice nosodes are made from many body tissues.
Isopathic treatment uses remedies made from the substances that cause the ailments for which they are given. An example is Mixed Pollen 6C, a hayfever remedy made by diluting a range of spring pollens.
THE LAW OF SIMILARS & POTENTIZATION
THE THEORY OF HOMEOPATHY
The body is said to be integrated by a "vital force", which maintains it in a state of health. If this force is put under strain, illness can result. Symptoms of illness are seen by homeopaths as signs the body is using its natural powers of self-healing to fight back. Homeopathic treatment seeks to stimulate the self-healing process rather than to suppress symptoms.
Two important ideas on which homeopathy is based are the Law of Similars and potentization. Simply explained, the Law of Similars states that since exposure to a substance can cause specific symptoms in a healthy person, that substance - when correctly prepared as a homeopathic remedy - can stimulate the body's curative powers to overcome similar symptoms during illness.
An example: A person who chops an onion can develop watery eyes, a runny nose, sneezing, coughing, and throat irritation from exposure to the onion's active substances. The homeopathic remedy, Allium cepa, made of potentized red onion, can help the body overcome a cold or allergy attack in which the person has similar symptoms (water eyes, runny nose, sneezing, throat irritation, or coughing.) The actual symptoms of the illness were not caused by exposure to an onion, but the remedy made from the onion can help the body overcome them, because the symptoms are similar.
THE LAW OF SIMILARS
According to the law of similars, or "like cures like", patients symptoms are a reliable guide to the remedy needed to activate the self-healing power of their vital force. Hahnemann applied this principle to his homeopathic remedies; to stimulate the vital force to fight an illness, the remedies are derived from substances that induce symptoms similar to those of the illness. For instance, eyebright, an irritant herb, is used in a remedy to soothe sensitive eyes, while belladonna is used to treat scarlet fever, because the symptoms of belladonna poisoning are very similar to those of scarlet fever.
Potentization is a process that involves a series of precise dilutions and succussions (a vigorous shaking action). A substance has to undergo this process to be useful as a homeopathic remedy. Potentization is very important, because the repeated process of dilution and succussion brings about an energentic change that gives the substance a deeper curative effect. Repeated dilution removes all chance of chemical toxicity, allowing homeopathic use of many substances that would otherwise not be safe to take as medicine.
THE LAW OF POTENTIZATION
Diluting doses repeatedly limits their potential to cause side effects and helps to avoid so-called "aggravations," although these are still experienced by some patients. Hahnemann observed that the more a substance was diluted, the more potent it seemed to become. Remedies might even contain nothing of the original substance.
A remedy is "potentized" by diluting it on either the decimal scale (X) with a dilution factor of 1:10 or the centesimal scale (C) with a dilution factor of 1:100.
1. Remedies are made from plant, animal, and mineral extracts. First the material is chopped or ground roughly.
2. The material is soaked in a mix of 90% alcohol and 10% distilled water and left to stand for 2-4 weeks.
3. The jar is sealed with an airtight lid and the mixture is shaken from time to time to dissolve the material.
4. The infused mixture is strained into a dark glass bottle, after which it is known as the "mother tincture".
5. One drop of the tincture is diluted with 99 drops of alcohol, then shaken rapidly - a process called "succussion".
6. After repeated dilution and succussion to the required potency, a few drops are added to lactose tablets.
7. The jar is then swirled gently to ensure that each tablet is properly impregnated with the potentized remedy.
8. The homeopathic tablets are placed in an airtight bottle made of dark glass, and stored away from direct sunlight.
MoonDragon's Alternative Health: Homeopathic Potencies
The safety and non-toxicity of homeopathic remedies is reassuring; however, they still must be chosen carefully on the basis of specific information - and used correctly - or they may affect the symptoms only superficially, or have no effect at all. Homeopathic remedies are not selected simply to treat an isolated symptom or a named disease. To work correctly, the remedy must be chosen to match the way the individual's body system expresses its unique response to the current stress and illness. Even within the same diagnosis, different people's bodies will respond to different remedies.
EVIDENCE & RESEARCH
A scientific study in support of homeopathy was published in The Lancet in 1994. Dr. David Reilly of Glasgow University carried out three separate clinical trials using the double-blind principle (neither health care providers or patients knew which patients were receiving medication. These indicated that the homeopathic treatment was more successful than a placebo treatment in relieving hay fever and allergic asthma.
An American study, also in 1994, at the Cleveland Clinic Foundation, showed that zinc gluconate lozenges reduced the duration of colds by 42 percent, as well as greatly decreasing the frequency of symptoms. A 1991 survey in the British Medical Journal of 107 controlled trials concluded that the higher the methodological quality of the study, the more likely it was to be positive.
A survey of 73 homeopathic health care providers in the U.K., published in 1989 in the Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners, claimed a 35 percent success rate for treatment using homeopathic remedies.
In 1988, French scientist Jacques Benveniste showed that extremely diluted substances still affect living cells in quite a different way than water. The findings are controversial; no other scientist has been able to repeat them.
MEDICAL OPINION
Current scientific understanding cannot explain homeopathy. While accepting that minute quantities of a substance can affect physiological processes, many health care providers are skeptical of the efficacy of a substance that is so diluted that barely a molecule remains in the remedy. A 12C potency, for example, is said to be equivalent to a pinch of salt in the Atlantic Ocean.
The popular but controversial theory of "watery memory", which needs further research, contends that even though molecules have been diluted away, they leave electromagnetic "footprints" in the solution, to which the body responds.
A growing number of health care providers in the U.K., Europe, and India practice homeopathy. However, more research is required to substantiate claims by homeopaths and establish whether homeopathy can offer cures, especially in conditions where conventional medicine has none.
THE INITIAL CONSULTATION: A homeopathic practitioner might spend an hour or two asking questions to determine the patient's condition and the most appropriate remedy. In his diagnosis he will take into account factors such as food fads or unusual emotions that may accompany the illness.
CONSULTING A PRACTITIONER
Practitioners may be homeopaths who are not medically qualified or conventional health care providers who practice homeopathy. They may also be "classical" or "complex" homeopaths.
The practitioner will ask about your medical history, diet, lifestyle, moods, likes, and dislikes. A classical homeopath will also identify your constitutional type (see below). Practitioners then draw up a "symptom picture" to pinpoint your strengths and weaknesses.
The practitioner will try to match your symptom picture with those cataloged in the homeopathic "repertories," which include 2,000-3,000 remedies, often stored on a computer database. The skill lies in prescribing the remedy that fits your individual type and condition. Advice about diet and lifestyle may also be given.
You will be asked to report any reactions and changes in symptoms at your next visit, and your prescription may be altered or adjusted as necessary. With self-limiting illnesses, such as colds, practitioners say that improvement should occur after the first few doses of the correct remedy. Long-term conditions that have developed gradually require longer treatment. Once signs of improvement show, the remedy dose may be tapered off and eventually discontinued. An awareness of the symptoms and their process of resolution is important to this tapering off.
CONSTITUTIONAL TYPES
Practitioners believe that illness results from inner imbalance. The homeopath takes stock of all aspects of a person. To help do this, he classifies a patient as a constitutional type - some of the most common types are shown below. Different types are said to have certain physical, intellectual, and emotional traits. The practitioner considers appearance, symptoms, personality, and habits - such as dislikes, fears, food preferences and the way the weather, seasons, and times of day affect the patient. He is very interested in what makes the patient feel better or worse, and in unusual symptoms that seem unrelated to the illness. Each type is associated with a specific remedy, and they share the same name. Different remedies will be used to treat the same illness. Homeopaths prescribe some remedies for the ailment and some to support the person's constitutional type.
Argent. Nit. types may be quick tempered, pale-skinned extroverts likely to suffer from nervous problems. Arsen. Alb. types may be restless, ambitious perfectionists, well-groomed, anxious, and insecure. Calc. Carb. types may be quiet, cautious, obsessive, and often overweight. They tend to suffer from joint pain. Graphites types can be indecisive and mentally lazy. They are heavily built and inclined to skin complaints. Ignacia types are usually dark-haired women. Artistic and idealistic, they may be prone to emotional problems. Lycopodium types are often high achievers, but insecure. Intolerant of illness, they are prone to digestive problems. Merc. Sol. types may be easily offended, quick-tempered introverts, prone to respiratory problems. Natrum Mur. types may be serious, sensitive to criticism, introspective, and given to headaches and moodiness. Phos. types may be fun-loving and kind but do not cope will under pressure. They can be nervous and fidgety. Pulsatilla types, usually women, may be affectionate and gentle. They cry easily and are prone to colds and PMS. Sepia types may be elegant, irritable extroverts. They tire quickly and tend to feel burdened by responsibility. Silica types work hard but lack confidence. Likely to be thin and pale, they may succumb easily to colds. Nux Vomica types may be high-strung and impatient. Very competitive, they can become ill from overwork. Sulfur types are often very imaginative, intellectual, and messy. They are susceptible to dry, scaly skin. Lachesis types may be creative but volatile, with behavioral or emotional problems and bad circulation.
CLASSICAL & COMPLEX HOMEOPATHY
There are differences between the complex and classical schools of homeopathy, although many practitioners use both systems, and practices may vary from one country to another.
Classical homeopaths prefer to find a single remedy that matches the patient's constitutional type and symptom picture, and will treat with single doses of that one remedy. This approach depends on identifying the similimum - the match - which may not happen on the first visit. Two or three remedies may be tried before the right one is found.
British homeopath, Richard Hughes, extended what is known as "complex" homeopathy in the late 19th century. Hughes looked for organic causes of ailments to guide his prescription. instead of "temperament." Today, his followers still seek to treat sick organs, such as the liver or kidneys, rather than the constitutional type. Complex homeopaths tend to use low-potency remedies, often incorporating herbal extracts.
Hughes' method became popular in continental Europe, especially in France and Germany, where it is still widely practiced. In the U.K. and Australia, homeopaths are more likely to use the classical system.
A PATIENT'S EXPERIENCE
When Yvonne's daughter Claire was 4, she developed a constant cough and was diagnosed as asthmatic: "The practitioner prescribed various conventional medicines to be taken 3 to 4 times a day, and was considering a nebulizer. I balked at all the medication, but my husband wanted medical supervision for Claire, so we tried homeopathy. The homeopath didn't stop the medication, but taught me to recognize and homeopathically treat an oncoming asthma attack. Claire's constitutional type was Natrum Sulf. It wasn't instant magic, but she gradually improved. Now, 4 years later, she hasn't used albuterol for the last six months."
THE WAY HOMEOPATHY WORKS
Within the limitations of available scientific funding, interesting research is being undertaken to understand the how and why such highly-diluted remedies have such a profound and curative effect. Formal studies published in recent medical journals are showing that homeopathic remedies, when used correctly, are significantly more effective than placebo. Researchers theorize that, during potentization, an energetic change occurs in the remedy substance and its medium of dilution (usually water), enabling them to stimulate a person's system to deal with stress and illness more efficiently. Homeopathic remedies do not have chemical action in the body, and thus work differently than nutrients or drugs, which has made it difficult for some researchers accustomed to assessing drugs to adequately consider the remedies. Since the body is clearly affected by many forces that have no chemical content (electricity, radiations, thermal energy, etc.), it is reasonable to think that research designed to observe non-chemical effects will yield more useful information.
HOMEOPATHIC PROFESSIONAL GUIDANCE
Homeopathic remedies can be helpful in complex or serious conditions. However, self-prescribing is not recommended in these cases. To correctly select the appropriate remedy and monitoring of the healing process, an experienced homeopathic practitioner should be involved for the following reasons:
- Medical knowledge is needed to assess complex or serious conditions. Professional diagnostic tests may be necessary.
- Using a remedy that covers isolated symptoms superficially, but does not fit the person on deeper levels, may change or suppress the symptoms, yet not be deeply curative.
- Even with a correctly chosen remedy, a temporary aggravation of symptoms may occur as part of the healing process. Training and experience are required to distinguish a helpful aggravation from an intensification of symptoms that occurs because a remedy has not acted and the illness is progressing.
- An inexperienced or impatient individual might be tempted to repeat the remedy unnecessarily, or change to other remedies at times when waiting is appropriate.
If an illness or condition is chronic or deep-seated, it is best to consult an experienced homeopathic practitioner, for a "constitutional" remedy that fits the characteristic symptoms of the disorder and considers the person's physical condition and individual nature in a more comprehensive way. At a typical first visit, a homeopath interviews a patient/client for at least an hour, taking a careful history and obtain information about many aspects of the person's state of health, before choosing a remedy.
USING HOMEOPATHIC REMEDIES
Self-care with homeopathy for moderate, short-term illnesses or injuries can be satisfying. A correctly-chosen remedy can work gently and efficiently to relieve discomfort and help the body heal itself without toxicity or side effects. If an illness or condition is chronic or serious, it is best to consult with an experienced practitioner for a remedy that more deeply suits the individual's needs.
Observe the person, taking special note of the strongest and most unusual symptoms, as well as the way the individual responds to the stress of illness, such as things that relieve or aggravate the symptoms (motion, temperature, light noise) or the person's emotional and mental state.
Choose the remedy whose description most closely resembles the symptoms the person is expressing. When a remedy's pattern of action is similar to the person's response to the stress or illness, it can help the natural defenses more efficiently overcome the problems and return the person to a better state of health.
Take one dose of the selected remedy, then wait for a response to show. If relief of important symptoms is noted - or if the person starts to improve in general - the remedy is acting. Continue to wait and let it do its work. Do not give another dose unless improvement stops. Unnecessary repetitions of a dose can interfere with or slow down a remedy's action.
Further doses of the remedy should be given according to how the person is responding, not on a pre-set schedule. Intense or painful situations may require more frequent repetitions. An instance of this may be, in severe discomfort, as with a burn or throbbing headache, a dose may be needed every few minutes to an hour. In moderate conditions, such as the flu or indigestion, a dose once every few hours may be indicated. In many situations, one dose of a correctly chosen remedy will be enough to stimulate the body to heal itself.
If no response is evident after a reasonable amount of waiting, give another dose and wait again. If no response is seen after several repetitions, review the important symptoms and choose another closely indicated remedy.
Lower potencies (6X, 6C, 12X, 12C, 30X, 30C) are the most appropriate for non-professional self-care situations. A 30 will often act more quickly and deeply than a 6 and need fewer repetitions - but, the higher the potency, the more precise the remedy choice must be to bring results. High potencies (past 30C) should be used only by those with homeopathic training, as a more developed knowledge of the remedies is needed to make an accurate choice of remedy and to monitor results.
SELF-HELP
Basic, low-potency homeopathic remedies are available on the internet from health-companies, at health food stores, some pharmacies, and even supermarkets for conditions such as coughs, colds, heartburn, nausea, and stress. These tablets, tinctures, and creams either contain a single remedy to be taken for various conditions, or combine ingredients in the hope that there will be something to suit everyone. For the use of any over-the-counter remedies, reputable manufacturers provide full instructions, which should be followed closely and supplemented with information from a good reference book.
BASIC HOME REMEDY KIT
A good homeopathic first-aid kit should contain about 10 remedies, including ointments, tinctures, and tablets. Some remedies that are considered good for non-emergency conditions are described below. Long-standing complaints, such as arthritis and eczema, are best treated with remedies prescribed individually by a qualified homeopath.
Arnica 6C, made from the herb Arnica Montana, is taken for shock, usually in the form of tablets. The tincture and ointment are used for bruises and to reduce swelling.
Aconite 6C, derived from the highly poisonous herb Aconitum Napellus, is used homeopathically as an analgesic and sedative. It is given for symptoms that come on suddenly, including fevers, colds, flu, or for initial post-trauma shock, panic attacks, or emotional stress.
Carbo Veg. 6C originates in the charcoal made from silver birch, beech, or popular trees. It is commonly given for digestive disorders such as gas, bloating, indigestion, and heartburn, or for headaches associated with overeating.
Apis 6C is made from whole bees, including the stinger. It is used for inflammation that is accompanied by a burning, stinging pain, and for cystitis, hives, bites, and stings.
Hypericum 6C, from the herb St. John's Wort (Hypericum Perforatum), is taken in the form of tablets for nerve pain. The cream or tincture is applied to grazes, painful wounds, or neuralgia, and the tablets are used for backache.
TAKING THE REMEDIES
The practitioner may dispense a remedy himself or tell you what to buy from a health food store or pharmacy. The higher the remedy's dilution factor, the more diluted it is - and the more potent, according to homeopathic theory. Remedies should be taken apart from food and without strong flavors in the mouth; take no food or drink 10 to 15 minutes before or after the dose. The practitioner might advise you to avoid strong-tasting substances such as candies, tobacco, toothpaste, spicy food, and in some cases coffee, camphor, peppermint, alcohol, and menthol, which are believed by some to counteract the effect of remedies. He may also warn against the essential oils used in aromatherapy and herbal medicines.
Remedies are made in the form of lactose tablets, pills, powder, granules, or liquids.
Patients should not touch the remedies with their hands or fingers. The correct dose should be taken in a clean, dry teaspoon and allowed to dissolve slowly in the mouth.
COMMON QUESTIONS
How long will treatment last?
The first consultation may last 1-2 hours, although subsequent visits are usually shorter.
How many sessions will I need?
Short-term conditions, such as colds, may improve after only one dose. Some long-term conditions, however, may require many months' treatment.
Will it taste unpleasant?
Most remedies taste mildly of sugar.
Will there be any aftereffects?
Symptoms may briefly worsen after treatment. Homeopaths claim that since the body is healed from the inside out, deep-seated conditions may be temporarily replaced by more superficial ones. For example, as asthma improves, eczema may flare up in its place.
PRECAUTIONS
Check unexplained symptoms with a health care provider if you are consulting a homeopath who is not medically qualified.
Tell your practitioner if you are using essential oils; in certain cases they are thought to be incompatible with homeopathic remedies.
Ask for lactose-free homeopathic tablets or liquids if you are allergic to milk-based products.
HOMEOPATHIC REMEDIES FOR MIDWIVES & CHILDBIRTH
OTHER HELPFUL RELATED LINKS
REFERENCES & RESOURCES
The following articles published in medical journals analyze results of over 100 clinical studies assessing effects of homeopathic remedies:1. Kleijnen J, Knipschild P, ter Riet G. Clinical trials of homeopathy. Br Med J 1991; 302:316-23.
Review of 107 studies, 81 of which (77%) showed positive effects from homeopathic medicines; researchers concluded: "The evidence presented in this review would probably be sufficient for establishing homeopathy as a regular treatment for certain indications."
2. Linde K, Clausius N, Ramirez G, et al. Are the clinical effects of homeopathy placebo effects? A meta-analysis of placebo-controlled trials. Lancet 1997; 250:834-43.
Analysis of 186 studies; concludes that positive results in subjects taking homepathic medicines are 2.4 times more likely than with placebo.
3. Summary and review of other recent homeopathic research studies, and other references, may be found in the following books:
Jonas WB, Jacobs J. Healing with Homeopathy. New York: Tarcher/Putnam, 1995.
Hulman D. The Consumer's Guide to Homeopathy. New York: Tarcher/Putnam, 1995.
PROFESSIONAL RESOURCESAllen HC. Keynotes and Characteristics of the Materia Medica.
New Delhi: B.Jain (reprint), 1988.
Royal G. Text-Book of Homeopathic Theory & Practice of Medicine.
New Delhi: B.Jain, 1977.
Boericke W. Materia Medica with Repertory.
Santa Rosa: Boericke & Tafel (reprint) 1988.
Borland D. Homeopathy for Mother & Infant.
New Delhi: World Homeopathic Links (reprint).
Boyd H. Introduction to Homeopathic Medicine.
Beaconsfield, England: Beaconsfield, 1981.
Hering C. Guiding Symptoms of our Materia Medica.
New Delhi: B.Jain (reprint), 1988, (Vol 1-10).
Herscu P. The Homeopathic Treatment of Children.
Berkley: North Atlantic, 1991.
Kent JT. Lectures on Homeopathic Materia Medica.
New Delhi: B.Jain (reprint) 1980.
Kent JT. Repertory of Homeopathic Materia Medica.
New Delhi: B.Jain (reprint), 1988.
Nash EB. Leaders in Homeopathic Therapeutics.
New Delhi: B.Jain (reprint), 1988.
Perko S. Homeopathy for the Modern Pregnant Woman and Her Infant.
San Antonio: Benchmark Homeopathic Publications, 1997.
Schroyens F. Synthesis/Repertorium Homeopathicum Syntheticum.
London: Homeopathic Book Publishers, 1993.
Tyler M. Drug Pictures.
Saffron Walden, Essex: CW Daniel, 1982.
Vithoulkas G. Materia Medica Viva.
London: Homeopathic Book Publishers, 1992, 1995.
GENERAL RESOURCESCastro M. Complete Homeopathy Handbook.
New York: St.Martin's, 1991.
Castro M. Homeopathy for Pregnancy, Birth, and Your Child's First Year.
New York: St.Martin's, 1993.
Cummings S, Ullman D. Everybody's Guide to Homeopathic Medicines.
Los Angeles: Tarcher, 1991.
Lockie A. Family Guide to Homeopathy.
New York: Fireside, 1993.
Panos M. Heimlich J. Homeopathic Medicine at Home.
Los Angeles: Tarcher, 1980.
Ullman D. Consumer's Guide to Homeopathy.
New York: Tarcher/Putnam, 1995.
Vithoulkas G. Homeopathy: Medicine of the New Man.
New York: Avon, 1971.
HOMEOPATHIC HISTORY & THEORYCoulter HL. Homeopathic Science & Modern Medicine: The Physics of Healing With Microdoses.
Berkley: North Atlantic, 1987.
Coulter HL. Divided Legacy: A History of the Schism in Medical Thought.
Berkley: North Atlantic, 1975, 1977, 1981, 1994.
Hahnemann S. The Organon of Medicine.
5th Edition; 6th Edition.
Kent JT. Lectures on Homeopathic Philosophy.
Berkley: North Atlantic, 1979 (reprint).
Vithoulkas G. The Science of Homeopathy.
New York: Grove, 1980.
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